{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:51:26Z","timestamp":1776430286024,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["grants 2019\/25701-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2019\/25701-8"]}]},{"name":"the S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["grants 2021\/07382-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2021\/07382-2"]}]},{"name":"the S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["grants 2021\/11435-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2021\/11435-4"]}]},{"name":"the S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["grant 380656\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant 380656\/2022-1"]}]},{"name":"the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["grants 2019\/25701-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2019\/25701-8"]}]},{"name":"the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["grants 2021\/07382-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2021\/07382-2"]}]},{"name":"the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["grants 2021\/11435-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2021\/11435-4"]}]},{"name":"the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["grant 380656\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant 380656\/2022-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conserving tropical forests is crucial for the environment and future of our climate. Tropical rainforests worldwide, including the Brazilian Legal Amazon (BLA), offer exceptional ecosystem services. However, the disturbances that have been occurring more frequently within them are endangering their key role in tackling climate change. An alternative approach for preserving the intact forests that remain in the BLA is the delimitation of Indigenous Lands (ILs), which can, additionally, ensure the well-being of the traditional peoples inhabiting there. An increase in deforestation rates of the BLA in recent years, due to the weakening of the Brazilian environmental policy, is not confined to unprotected areas but is also occurring within ILs. Under this scenario, mining, not allowed in ILs, is a growing threat in these protected areas. Thus, using the freely available MapBiomas dataset, we have quantified for the first time the total mining area within ILs of the BLA from 1985 to 2020. Such activity jumped from 7.45 km2 in 1985 to 102.16 km2 in 2020, an alarming increase of 1271%. Three ILs (Kayap\u00f3, Munduruk\u00fa, and Yanomami) concentrated 95% of the mining activity within ILs in 2020 and, therefore, they require closer monitoring. Most of the mining in ILs in 2020 (99.5%) was related to gold extraction. A total of 25 of the 31 ILs of the BLA where mining activity was detected in at least one of 36 years analyzed (~81% of them) had a statistically significant increasing trend according to the Mann\u2013Kendall test at 5%. The datasets used or cited in this study (MapBiomas, PRODES, and DETER) enable the monitoring of the current status of ILs, and the identification of emerging trends related to illegal activities. Therefore, they are critical tools for legal authorities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"4092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Mining Is a Growing Threat within Indigenous Lands of the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Mataveli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1498-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Agricultural Systems, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Palmas 77008-900, TO, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9437-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elton Vicente","family":"Escobar-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Katyanne","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Science, Technology and Space Applications\u2014FUNCATE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12210-131, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1940-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-030713-155141","article-title":"Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene","volume":"39","author":"Malhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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