{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T16:07:28Z","timestamp":1781539648729,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41941019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41941019"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41941019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41941019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013281","name":"Sichuan Mineral Resources Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013281","name":"Sichuan Mineral Resources Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41941019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41941019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013281","name":"Sichuan Mineral Resources Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013281","name":"Sichuan Mineral Resources Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["41941019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41941019"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCKCZY2021-ZC003"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panzhihua City is a typical agricultural-forestry-pastoral and ecologically sensitive city in China. It is also an important ecological defense in the upper Yangtze River. It has abundant mineral resources, including vanadium, titanium, and water supplies. However, ecological and environmental problems emerge due to the excessive development of mining, agriculture, animal husbandry, and other non-natural urban economies. Therefore, a scientific understanding of the spatio-temporal changes of the eco-environment of Panzhihua is critical for environmental protection, city planning, and construction. To objectively evaluate the eco-environmental status of Panzhihua, the remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) was first applied to Panzhihua, a typical resource-based city, and its ecological environmental quality (EEQ) was quantitatively assessed from 1990 to 2020. This study explored the effects of mining activities and policies on EEQ and used change detection to reveal the spatial-temporal changes of EEQ in Panzhihua City over the past three decades. In addition, this study also verified the suitability of RSEI for evaluating EEQ in resource-based city using spatial autocorrelation, revealed the spatial heterogeneity of EEQ in Panzhihua City using optimized hot spot analysis, and showed different ecological clustering by hot spot analysis at two scales of urban and mining areas. According to the results: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the general eco-environmental condition of Panzhihua is improving, but there are still regional differences. (2) The Moran\u2019s I value ranges from 0.436 (1990) to 0.700 (2020), indicating that there is autocorrelation in the distribution of eco-environmental quality. (3) At the mine, the mean value of RSEI dropped by 20\u201340%, and the EEQ decreased significantly due to mining activities. (4) A series of ecological restoration policies can buffer the negative impact of mining activities on the ecosystem, resulting in a slight improvement in the quality of the ecological environment. This study evaluates the EEQ of resource-based city and its spatial-temporal changes using RSEI constructed by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, which can provide theoretical support for ecological and environmental conditions monitoring, development planning, and environmental protection policy-making of a resource-based city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T02:55:34Z","timestamp":1661309734000},"page":"4137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Detecting Spatial-Temporal Changes of Urban Environment Quality by Remote Sensing-Based Ecological Indices: A Case Study in Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-1585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1342-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoai","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3741-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weile","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4866-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhichong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuneng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binyang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Branch of China Petroleum Engineering Construction Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10611932.2004.11031642","article-title":"Problems of Ecological Environment in Western China","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9617-z","article-title":"Dynamics of alpine grassland NPP and its response to climate change in Northern Tibet","volume":"97","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12765","article-title":"Temperature and rainfall interact to control carbon cycling in tropical forests","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W. (1974). Monitoring Vegetation System in the Great Plains with ERTS."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.09.001","article-title":"Trend analysis of MODIS NDVI time series for detecting land degradation and regeneration in Mongolia","volume":"113","author":"Eckert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of earth observation based long term vegetation trends\u2014Intercomparing NDVI time series trend analysis consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS, Terra MODIS and SPOT VGT data","volume":"113","author":"Fensholt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107933","article-title":"Analyzing ecological environment change and associated driving factors in China based on NDVI time series data","volume":"129","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2016.08.038","article-title":"Using the NDVI to identify variations in, and responses of, vegetation to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2012","volume":"444","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.76.5.557","article-title":"Analysis of Impervious Surface and its Impact on Urban Heat Environment using the Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (NDISI)","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2016.03.009","article-title":"Assessment of Urban Heat Island based on the relationship between land surface temperature and Land Use\/Land Cover in Tehran","volume":"23","author":"Bokaie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.09.007","article-title":"Comparison of ground and satellite-based methods for estimating stand-level fPAR in a boreal forest","volume":"232","author":"Majasalmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H.Q., Wang, Y.F., Guan, H.D., Shi, T.T., and Hu, X.S. (2019). Detecting Ecological Changes with a Remote Sensing Based Ecological Index (RSEI) Produced Time Series and Change Vector Analysis. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202345"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126995","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change detection of ecological quality and the associated affecting factors in Dongting Lake Basin, based on RSEI","volume":"302","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, X.L., Ming, Y.L., Gao, Y.G., and Hu, X.Y. (2020). Dynamic Monitoring and Analysis of Ecological Quality of Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone, a New Type of Sea Island City, Based on RSEI. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010021"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"889","article-title":"A remote sensing index for assessment of regional ecological changes","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.05.055","article-title":"Prediction of ecological effects of potential population and impervious surface increases using a remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI)","volume":"93","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113655","article-title":"Detecting ecological spatial-temporal changes by Remote Sensing Ecological Index with local adaptability","volume":"299","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118126","article-title":"Ecological environment quality assessment based on remote sensing data for land consolidation","volume":"239","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105874","article-title":"Assessment of spatial and temporal variation of ecological environment quality in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China","volume":"110","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104569","article-title":"Monitoring the effects of land consolidation on the ecological environmental quality based on remote sensing: A case study of Chaohu Lake Basin, China","volume":"95","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107518","article-title":"Assessment of spatial\u2013temporal changes of ecological environment quality based on RSEI and GEE: A case study in Erhai Lake Basin, Yunnan province, China","volume":"125","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108214","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change and driving factors of the Eco-Environment quality in the Yangtze River Basin from 2001 to 2019","volume":"131","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133928","article-title":"Ecological environment assessment based on land use simulation: A case study in the Heihe River Basin","volume":"697","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106331","article-title":"Coupling coordination analysis of urbanization and eco-environment in Yanqi Basin based on multi-source remote sensing data","volume":"114","author":"Ariken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104305","article-title":"Evaluation of the policy-driven ecological network in the Three-North Shelterbelt region of China","volume":"218","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108258","article-title":"Using the Google Earth Engine to rapidly monitor impacts of geohazards on ecological quality in highly susceptible areas","volume":"132","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.055","article-title":"High-resolution multi-temporal mapping of global urban land using Landsat images based on the Google Earth Engine Platform","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"36","article-title":"Mapping woody vegetation clearing in Queensland, Australia from Landsat imagery using the Google Earth Engine","volume":"1","author":"Johansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128114","article-title":"Research on the sustainability promotion mechanisms of industries in China\u2019s resource-based cities\u2014from an ecological perspective","volume":"315","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2021.106648","article-title":"Transformation effect of resource-based cities based on PSM-DID model: An empirical analysis from China","volume":"91","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.10.020","article-title":"Effects of urbanization on ecosystem service values in a mineral resource-based city","volume":"46","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2020.1744426","article-title":"Ecological vulnerability assessment and spatial pattern optimization of resource-based cities: A case study of Huaibei City, China","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wang, Y. (2009). GIS-Based Research of Carrying Capacity of Eco-Environment of Resource-Based City\u2014Taking Panzhihua for Example. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chengdu University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, H., Xian, W., and Yang, W. (2009, January 11\u201312). A study on eco-environmental vulnerability of mining cities: A case study of Panzhihua city of Sichuan province in China. Proceedings of the International Conference on Photonics and Image in Agriculture Engineering (PIAGENG 2009), Zhangjiajie, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.836929"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Li, F., Zhou, Y., Hu, Z., Zhang, R., Xiang, X., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Using Net Primary Productivity to Characterize the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Ecological Footprint for a Resource-Based City, Panzhihua in China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14053067"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11013-6","article-title":"Spatial-temporal pattern evolution and driving force analysis of ecological environment vulnerability in Panzhihua City","volume":"28","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2019.10.014","article-title":"Contamination, morphological status and sources of atmospheric dust in different land-using areas of a steel-industry city, China","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"102814","article-title":"Quantitative estimation for the impact of mining activities on vegetation phenology and identifying its controlling factors from Sentinel-2 time series","volume":"111","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.07.001","article-title":"Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as a marker of surrounding greenness in epidemiological studies: The case of Barcelona city","volume":"19","author":"Gascon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.915434","article-title":"Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 8 at-satellite reflectance","volume":"5","author":"Baig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"736","article-title":"Tasseled cap transformation for assessing hurricane landfall impact on a coastal watershed","volume":"73","author":"Mostafiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106265","article-title":"NDBSI: A normalized difference bare soil index for remote sensing to improve bare soil mapping accuracy in urban and rural areas","volume":"214","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2312032","article-title":"Land Surface Temperature Retrieval Methods From Landsat-8 Thermal Infrared Sensor Data","volume":"11","author":"Sobrino","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.02.006","article-title":"A new remote sensing index for assessing the spatial heterogeneity in urban ecological quality: A case from Fuzhou City, China","volume":"89","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799608902120","article-title":"An assessment of surface and zonal models of population","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Q.-Q., Chen, Y.-N., Zhang, X.-Q., and Ding, J.-L. (2022). Spatiotemporal Changes in Ecological Quality and Its Associated Driving Factors in Central Asia. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143500"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112138","article-title":"Spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis with statistical correlation based on satellite remote sensing in Samara, Russia","volume":"285","author":"Boori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1006\/jhec.1998.0236","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation: A Primer","volume":"7","author":"Dubin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hous. Econ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"977","article-title":"GeoDA-based spatial correlation analysis of GDP in Hadaqi industrial corridor","volume":"30","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2016.04.011","article-title":"Automated feature extraction for prospection and analysis of monumental earthworks from aerial LiDAR in the Kingdom of Tonga","volume":"69","author":"Freeland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/ggge.20068","article-title":"Formation of thick stratiform Fe-Ti oxide layers in layered intrusion and frequent replenishment of fractionated mafic magma: Evidence from the Panzhihua intrusion, SW China","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-12280-260220","article-title":"Assessment of urban resilience based on the transformation of resource-based cities: A case study of Panzhihua, China","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51295","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911627","article-title":"Eco-Environmental Quality Assessment in China\u2019s 35 Major Cities Based on Remote Sensing Ecological Index","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-011-0217-2","article-title":"Impact of urbanization and industrialization upon surface water quality: A pilot study of Panzhihua mining town","volume":"22","author":"Teng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.12.101","article-title":"Health risk assessment of potentially harmful elements in subsidence water bodies using a Monte Carlo approach: An example from the Huainan coal mining area, China","volume":"171","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126638","article-title":"Contamination, sources and health risk of heavy metals in soil and dust from different functional areas in an industrial city of Panzhihua City, Southwest China","volume":"420","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17052-x","article-title":"Assessment of coal mining land subsidence by using an innovative comprehensive weighted cloud model combined with a PSR conceptual model","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"6448","article-title":"Assessment and spatial variation of biodiversity in the Bailong River Watershed of the Gansu Province","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Fu, J., and Zheng, M. (2020). Evaluation of Rural Eco-Environmental Development Level in Shandong Province Based on Comprehensive Index Method. Ecol. Econ., 36."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-010-0033-7","article-title":"Application of Landscape Ecology and Remote Sensing for Assessment, Monitoring and Conservation of Biodiversity","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106343","article-title":"Study on hierarchical transformation mechanisms of regional ecological vulnerability and its applicability","volume":"114","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"100530","article-title":"Eco-environmental quality assessment based on pressure-state-response framework by remote sensing and GIS","volume":"23","author":"Boori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"230","article-title":"Dynamic Monitoring and Assessment of Ecologic Environment in Xikuangshan Antimony Mining Area Based on Remote Sensing","volume":"43","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"012029","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Eco-environmental Benefits in Shenfu-Dongsheng Mining Area During 1995\u20132020 Based on RSEI","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"4053","article-title":"Evaluation of ecological quality variation in mining area of Northeast China based on RSEI Index: A case of Gongchangling District, Liaoning Province","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Li, J., Hao, Y., Sun, J., Zhuo, Y., Qin, J., and Yin, F. (2021). Evaluation of Ecological Environment\u2019 Spatio-Temporal Variation in Urban Mine Based on Rsei. Urban Dev. Stud., 27."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.11.026","article-title":"Response of ecological quality to the evolution of land use structure in Taiyuan during 2003 to 2018","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhou, Q., Cao, M., and Liu, H. (2022). Spatiotemporal Change of Eco-Environmental Quality in the Oasis City and Its Correlation with Urbanization Based on RSEI: A Case Study of Urumqi, China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159227"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107214","article-title":"Estimation of remote sensing based ecological index along the Grand Canal based on PCA-AHP-TOPSIS methodology","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"2963","article-title":"Evaluation of ecological changes based on a remote sensing ecological index in a Manas Lake wetland, Xinjiang","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107438","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of island ecological quality under different urban densities: A comparative analysis of Xiamen and Kinmen Islands, southeast China","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106847","article-title":"Exploration of eco-environment and urbanization changes in coastal zones: A case study in China over the past 20 years","volume":"119","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2019.1695407","article-title":"Big geospatial data analysis for Canada\u2019s Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory (APEI): Using google earth engine to estimate particulate matter from exposed mine disturbance areas","volume":"57","author":"Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation characteristic of vegetation coverage in the Yellow River Basin based on GEE cloud platform","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.114067","article-title":"Mining impacts on forest cover change in a tropical forest using remote sensing and spatial information from 2001\u20132019: A case study of Odisha (India)","volume":"302","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1080\/03019233.2019.1692888","article-title":"Roadmap of China steel industry in the past 70 years","volume":"46","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:02Z","timestamp":1760141642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14174137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14174137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}