{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:08:36Z","timestamp":1771578516256,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Transformation Plan of Qinghai Province","award":["2022-SF-138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-SF-138"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Transformation Plan of Qinghai Province","award":["41302174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41302174"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Transformation Plan of Qinghai Province","award":["42172227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172227"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-SF-138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-SF-138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41302174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41302174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42172227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42172227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A magnitude (Mw) 7.4 Maduo earthquake occurred on 22 May 2021 in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with predominantly left-lateral strike-slip faulting and a component of normal faulting within the Bayan Har Block. The co-seismic surface rupture extended in a NWW direction for ~160 km with a complicated geometry along a poorly known young fault: the Jiangcuo Fault. The main surface rupture propagated bilaterally from the epicenter and terminated eastward in horsetail splays. The main rupture can be divided into five segments with two rupture gaps. Field surveys and detailed mapping revealed that the co-seismic surface ruptures were characterized by a series of left-lateral offsets, en echelon tensional cracks and fissures, compressional mole tracks, and widespread sand liquefication. The observed co-seismic left-lateral displacements ranged from 0.2 m to ~2.6 m, while the vertical displacements ranged from 0.1 m to ~1.5 m, much lower than the InSAR inverse slip maximum of 2\u20136 m. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the causative fault geometry and the tectonic structure of the northern Bayan Har Block, this study suggests that the multiple NWW trending sub-faults, including the Jiangcuo Fault, developed from the East Kunlun fault northeast of the Bayan Har Block could be regarded as the sub-faults of the East Kunlun Fault system, constituting a broad and dispersive northern boundary of the Block, controlling the inner strain distribution and deformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"4154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characteristics of Co-Seismic Surface Rupture of the 2021 Maduo Mw 7.4 Earthquake and Its Tectonic Implications for Northern Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3841-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Lanzhou Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Earthquake Agency, Xining 810000, China"}]},{"given":"Daoyang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8281-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographic Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519000, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Earthquake Agency, Xining 810000, China"}]},{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Lanzhou Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1785\/0120040233","article-title":"High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Mapping of the Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the MW 7.8, 14 November 2001 Kokoxili Earthquake, Kunlun Fault, Northern Tibet, China","volume":"95","author":"Klinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. 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