{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:39:14Z","timestamp":1768689554345,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation","award":["51979285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51979285"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation","award":["51739011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51739011"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation","award":["52192671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52192671"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation","award":["SKL2020ZY03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2020ZY03"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation","award":["SKL2022TS11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2022TS11"]}]},{"name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2021-PC-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-PC-005"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["51979285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51979285"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["51739011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51739011"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["52192671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52192671"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["SKL2020ZY03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2020ZY03"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["SKL2022TS11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2022TS11"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin","award":["2021-PC-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-PC-005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51979285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51979285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51739011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51739011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52192671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52192671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKL2020ZY03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2020ZY03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKL2022TS11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL2022TS11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005024","name":"Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-PC-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-PC-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precipitation is a critical factor affecting regional water cycles, water ecology, and socioeconomic development. Monthly precipitation, water vapor pressure, and temperature datasets from 613 meteorological stations across China were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of urban rain island effects at the national scale during periods of slow (1960\u20131969) and accelerated (2010\u20132019) urbanization. The combined effects of artificial water dissipation and heat islands on urban precipitation were a key focus of this study. The results showed that rain island effects (0\u201331.6 mm\/month) were primarily distributed along the southeast coast (dominated by the heat island effect) and northwest inland region (dominated by artificial water dissipation). During winter, the relative contribution of artificial water dissipation was higher in urban areas, and the rain island effect was more apparent than in the summer. Comparisons of precipitation prior to and following large-scale urbanization showed that precipitation and rain island intensity along the southeast coast and northwest inland region increased by 0\u201328 and 0\u201328.6 mm\/month, respectively. These findings indicate that artificial water dissipation is an important water vapor source for urban precipitation, particularly during winter months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"4159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Spatiotemporal Evolution of Urban Rain Islands in China under the Conditions of Urbanization and Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2611-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of River Basin Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1131-2002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanghong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4421-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Jinjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}]},{"given":"Ruitao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006290","article-title":"Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation","volume":"111","author":"Alexander","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-013-0016-z","article-title":"Impact of urbanization on recent temperature and precipitation trends in the Korean peninsula","volume":"49","author":"Kug","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8095(00)00041-7","article-title":"The possible influence of urban surfaces on rainfall development: A sensitivity study in 2D in the meso-\u03b3-scale","volume":"54","author":"Thielen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","article-title":"Global change and the ecology of cities","volume":"319","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.04.024","article-title":"40-Year (1978\u20132017) human settlement changes in China reflected by impervious surfaces from satellite remote sensing","volume":"64","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-082517-010102","article-title":"Responses of the Tropical Atmospheric Circulation to Climate Change and Connection to the Hydrological Cycle","volume":"46","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-010-0040-1","article-title":"Urban heat island and boundary layer structures under hot weather synoptic conditions: A case study of Suzhou City, China","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115067","article-title":"Synthesized trade-off analysis of flood control solutions under future deep uncertainty: An application to the central business district of Shanghai","volume":"166","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7834","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00502.1","article-title":"Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation","volume":"26","author":"Westra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029718","article-title":"Regional Patterns of Extreme Precipitation and Urban Signatures in Metropolitan Areas","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1464","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-19-0182.1","article-title":"Each 0.5 \u00b0C of warming increases annual flood losses in China by more than 60 billion USD","volume":"101","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"B Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.09.022","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater","volume":"48","author":"Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.06.022","article-title":"Accounting for variation in rainfall intensity and surface slope in wash-off model calibration and prediction within the Bayesian framework","volume":"143","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.07.074","article-title":"The transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during rainfall and snowmelt in contrasting landscapes","volume":"124","author":"Parajulee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Xia, J., Xu, Z., Zou, L., Qiao, Y., and Li, P. (2021). Impact of Urban Expansion on Rain Island Effect in Jinan City, North China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152989"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL097546","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL097546","article-title":"Impacts of Long-Term Urbanization on Summer Rainfall Climatology in Yangtze River Delta Agglomeration of China","volume":"49","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-017-6020-y","article-title":"Changes in Temporal Concentration Property of Summer Precipitation in China during 1961\u20132010 Based on a New Index","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54185-z","article-title":"Detection and Attribution of Atmospheric Precipitable Water Changes since the 1970s over China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100","article-title":"Influence of urbanization on spatial distribution of extreme precipitation in Henan Province","volume":"38","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Resour. Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.08.054","article-title":"Long-term stormwater quantity and quality analysis using continuous measurements in a French urban catchment","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2015.08.002","article-title":"Urbanization effect on precipitation over the Pearl River Delta based on CMORPH data","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Change Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9408","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023572","article-title":"Potential sensitivity of warm season precipitation to urbanization extents: Modeling study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration in China","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.1126\/science.205.4404.402","article-title":"Rainfall changes in summer caused by St. Louis","volume":"205","author":"Changnon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.09.013","article-title":"On the impact of urbanization on summertime thunderstorms in Atlanta: Two numerical model case studies","volume":"92","author":"Shem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0676-z","article-title":"Urbanization exacerbated the rainfall and flooding caused by hurricane Harvey in Houston","volume":"563","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1793","article-title":"Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5439-2017","article-title":"Urbanization-induced urban heat island and aerosol effects on climate extremes in the Yangtze River Delta region of China","volume":"17","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11250","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022084","article-title":"Rapid urbanization and changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in Beijing metropolitan area","volume":"119","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-020-0098-2","article-title":"Spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of relative humidity in arid region of Northwest China during 1966\u20132017","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.02.004","article-title":"Impact of city belt in Yangtze River Delta in China on a precipitation process in summer: A case study","volume":"125","author":"Wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-020-9255-y","article-title":"High-resolution Simulation of an Extreme Heavy Rainfall Event in Shanghai Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Sensitivity to Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2003.12.003","article-title":"Hydrological processes in a small arid catchment: Scale effects of rainfall and slope length","volume":"61","author":"Yair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6960","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0011.1","article-title":"Observed Changes in the Distributions of Daily Precipitation Frequency and Amount over China from 1960 to 2013","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation pattern of rainfall in land area of the Belt and Road during 1901\u20132018","volume":"52","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Hydropower Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106170","article-title":"Distribution of dry and wet islands in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration using numerical simulations","volume":"273","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-021-00216-4","article-title":"Seasonal variation of dry and wet islands in Beijing considering urban artificial water dissipation","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Npj Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(13)60543-2","article-title":"Effects of Evapotranspiration on Mitigation of Urban Temperature by Vegetation and Urban Agriculture","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-016-0216-3","article-title":"Evapotranspiration estimation considering anthropogenic heat based on remote sensing in urban area","volume":"60","author":"Cong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.12.054","article-title":"Dissipation of water in urban area, mechanism and modelling with the consideration of anthropogenic impacts: A case study in Xiamen","volume":"570","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1325","article-title":"\u201cNature-Social\u201d dual attribute and seasonal characteristics of urban water dissipation: A case study of Beijing","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng.-Asce."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14523","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.14523","article-title":"Incorporating an urban canopy model with artificial water dissipation into weather research and forecasting: A case study for Beijing","volume":"36","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-1903-2017","article-title":"GLEAM v3: Satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture","volume":"10","author":"Martens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Integrated simulation of the dualistic water cycle and its associated processes in the Haihe River Basin","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"124","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation and causes analysis of dry-wet climate over period of 1961\u20132014 in China","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126618","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics of urban dry\/wet islands in China following rapid urbanization","volume":"601","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"378","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation of absolute humidity and its relationship with potential evaporation in the northern and southern regions of Qinling Mountains","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1360\/N972014-00327","article-title":"Review on urban hydrology","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"276","article-title":"Simulation model for urban water dissipation","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-017-9193-8","article-title":"Water dissipation mechanism of residential and office buildings in the urban","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China-Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-020-01073-4","article-title":"Microclimate in an urban park and its influencing factors: A case study of Tiantan Park in Beijing, China","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395094","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/395094","article-title":"Impact of Urbanization and Land-Use Change on Surface Climate in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, 1988\u20132008","volume":"2015","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124595","article-title":"Temperature dependence of extreme precipitation over mainland China","volume":"583","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5662","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092779","article-title":"Smoking Rain Clouds over the Amazon","volume":"303","author":"Andreae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.476","article-title":"The effects of aerosols on intense convective precipitation in the northeastern United States","volume":"135","author":"Ntelekos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.10.017","article-title":"Characteristics of trace metal concentration and stable isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen in \u201curban-induced heavy rainfall\u201d in downtown Tokyo, Japan; The implication of mineral\/dust particles on the formation of summer heavy rainfall","volume":"217","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4159\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:41Z","timestamp":1760141681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14174159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14174159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]}}}