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Lidar could identify thin phytoplankton layers at a large spatial scale due to its capabilities of profile detection with a high efficiency. However, studies that linked thin layers to environmental factors are few, which limits our understanding of the layer formation mechanism. This paper investigates the characteristics and formation conditions of thin phytoplankton layers in the northern Gulf of Mexico using airborne lidar. The results depict that the chlorophyll concentration determines the formation probability of the phytoplankton layer. The layer is mainly formed at concentrations less than 6 mg m\u22123 and mostly distributed at 2 mg m\u22123. In addition, layer thicknesses were within 5 m and layer depths were mainly in the range of 10\u201315 m. Layer depths in the nearshore region were shallower than those in the offshore region. We conclude that the characteristics and formation conditions of the thin phytoplankton layers depend on the nutrients and light that are related to the seabed topography, turbidity, eddies and upwelling. The findings of this paper will enhance the understanding of layer formation mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T02:04:32Z","timestamp":1661479472000},"page":"4179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characteristics and Formation Conditions of Thin Phytoplankton Layers in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Revealed by Airborne Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yichen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Hangkai","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Dekang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Hongkai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8125-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2009.07.009","article-title":"Coastal thin layer dynamics: Consequences to biology and optics","volume":"30","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. 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