{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:04:45Z","timestamp":1768010685766,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No.42171464,41971283,41801261,41827801,41801282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.42171464,41971283,41801261,41827801,41801282"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021BCA216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BCA216"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Project of Hubei Province","award":["No.42171464,41971283,41801261,41827801,41801282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.42171464,41971283,41801261,41827801,41801282"]}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Project of Hubei Province","award":["2021BCA216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BCA216"]}]},{"name":"LIESMARS Special Research Funding","award":["No.42171464,41971283,41801261,41827801,41801282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.42171464,41971283,41801261,41827801,41801282"]}]},{"name":"LIESMARS Special Research Funding","award":["2021BCA216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BCA216"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In view of global warming, caused by the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, China has proposed a series of carbon emission reduction policies. It is necessary to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon emissions accurately. Nighttime light data is recognized as an important basis for carbon emission estimation. A large number of research results show that there is a positive correlation between nighttime light intensity and carbon emission. However, in the current context of China\u2019s industrial reforms, this positive relationship may not be entirely correct. First, we correct the nighttime light data from different satellites and established a long-term series data set. Then, we verify the positive correlation between nighttime light and carbon emission. However, the time scale of emission data often lags, and the carbon concentration data are released earlier and are more accurate than emission data. Therefore, we propose to investigate the relationship between nighttime light and carbon concentration. It is found that there may be different correlations between nighttime light and the carbon concentration, due to different urban industrial structure and development planning. Therefore, by exploring the relationship between nighttime light and the carbon concentration, the existing carbon emission estimation model can be modified to improve the accuracy of the emission model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T02:04:32Z","timestamp":1661479472000},"page":"4181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Correlation Analysis of CO2 Concentration Based on DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS Integrated Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 473072, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 473072, China"},{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Nautical Instrument Research Institute, Tianjin 300131, China"}]},{"given":"Deyi","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 473072, China"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 473072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-5039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 473079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.03.067","article-title":"Forecasting China\u2019s total energy demand and its structure using ADL-MIDAS model","volume":"151","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106121","article-title":"The relationship between atmospheric boundary layer and temperature inversion layer and their aerosol capture capabilities","volume":"271","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Shi, W., Du, B., Hu, X., and Zhang, L. (2021). Asymmetric Weighted Logistic Metric Learning for Hyperspectral Target Detection. IEEE Trans. Cybern., 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(00)00163-4","article-title":"Carbon emissions from manufacturing energy use in 13 IEA countries: Long-term trends through 1995","volume":"29","author":"Schipper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.11.066","article-title":"A global review of energy consumption, CO 2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO 2 emitting countries)","volume":"43","author":"Nejat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2830797","article-title":"Urban Built-Up Area Extraction From Log- Transformed NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Composite Data","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"143","article-title":"Spatiotemporal simulation study of China\u2019s provincial carbon emissions based on satellite night lighting data","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Popul. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"25","article-title":"Scale effect analysis of carbon emission simulation based on NPP-VIIRS images in Guangdong Province","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0510-y","article-title":"A harmonized global nighttime light dataset 1992\u20132018","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134394","article-title":"Multiscale analysis on spatiotemporal dynamics of energy consumption CO2 emissions in China: Utilizing the integrated of DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS nighttime light datasets","volume":"703","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4482","article-title":"Establishment and assessment of QA\/QC method for sampling and analysis of atmosphere background CO2","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2809","article-title":"Climate simulation for dynamic heterogeneous distribution of atmospheric CO2 concentration","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) (2022, April 25). DMSP-OLS[EB\/OL], Available online: https:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/dmsp\/downloadV4composites.html."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) (2022, April 25). NPP-VIIRS[EB\/OL], Available online: https:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/eog\/viirs\/download_ut_mos.html."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Didan, K. (2022, June 12). MODIS\/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V061 [Data Set]. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/products\/mod13a2v061."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwx150","article-title":"Anthropogenic emission inventories in China: A review","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Ma, X. (2022, May 05). Monthly-Averaged XCO2 in Global. Figshare. Dataset. Available online: https:\/\/figshare.com\/articles\/dataset\/WHUXCO2-GLOBAL\/17826404\/2."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8084","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3052215","article-title":"A Regional Spatiotemporal Downscaling Method for CO2 Columns","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"National Geomatics Center of China (2022, April 24). Administrative boundaries of China [EB\/OL]. Available online: http:\/\/www.ngcc.cn\/ngcc\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3101837","article-title":"Impact of Image Saturation on Radiometric Intercalibration of DMSP\/OLS Nighttime Light Images","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elvidge, C.D., Hsu, F.C., Zhizhin, M., Ghosh, T., Taneja, J., and Bazilian, M. (2020). Indicators of Electric Power Instability from Satellite Observed Nighttime Lights. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193194"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zhong, L. (2020). Monitoring the Economic Development of Countries along the Belt and Road Based on Nighttime Light Remote Sensing Technology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zhao, J. (2020). Spatial-Temporal Variation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and its Relations to Nighttime Surface Temperature in Yangtze River Delta Region Based on Nightlight Imageries. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Yunnan Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Xiao, Y. (2021). Research on Carbon Emission of Urban Energy Consumption in Hunan Province Supported by Nighttime Light Remote Sensing Technology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-87-2018","article-title":"The Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2, version 2016 (ODIAC2016): A global monthly fossil fuel CO2 gridded emissions data product for tracer transport simulations and surface flux inversions","volume":"10","author":"Oda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.11.013","article-title":"Investigating sources of variability and error in simulations of carbon dioxide in an urban region","volume":"199","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121502","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of three-dimensional building structure on CO2 emissions based on random forest regression","volume":"236","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018196","article-title":"Improving the temporal and spatial distribution of CO2 emissions from global fossil fuel emission data sets","volume":"118","author":"Nassar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zhu, E. (2020). Study on the Spatial-Temporal Pattern of Carbon Emission and its Response to Urbanization in Zhejiang Province. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Zhejiang University]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL091160","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL091160","article-title":"Quantifying CO2 Uptakes Over Oceans Using LIDAR: A Tentative Experiment in Bohai Bay","volume":"48","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1360\/N972016-01316","article-title":"Assessment of atmospheric CO2 concentration enhancement from anthropogenic emissions based on satellite observations","volume":"62","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2019-0022","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of carbon dioxide and its influencing factors","volume":"65","author":"Jianghao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"849","article-title":"A Modeling Study of CO2 Flux and Concentrations over the Yangtze River Delta Using the WRF-GHG Model","volume":"39","author":"Diao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"934","article-title":"Statistical analysis of the relationship between carbon emissions and temperature rise with the spatially heterogenous distribution of carbon dioxide concentration","volume":"36","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"38","article-title":"Current situation of Carbon dioxide emission and suggestions for emission reduction in China","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Econ. China"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"20","article-title":"Study on optimization and upgrading of industrial structure of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban agglomeration","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Co-Oper. Econ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Xiang, Y., Jia, H., and Chen, L. (2018). Analysis of Total Factor Energy Efficiency and Its Influencing Factors on Key Energy-Intensive Industries in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10010111"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. (2021). A Study on CO2 Emission Transfer of Different Industries in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Based on Complex Network. [Master\u2019s Thesis, North China Electric Power University]."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Carbon emission peak prediction and reduction potential in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from the perspective of multiple scenarios","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2476347","article-title":"Mapping Global Fossil Fuel Combustion CO2 Emissions at High Resolution by Integrating Nightlight, Population Density, and Traffic Network Data","volume":"9","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1513","article-title":"The characteristics and mechanisms of carbon emissions from energy consumption in China using DMSP\/OLS night light imageries","volume":"68","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"176","article-title":"How Does Industrial Restructuring Affect Energy Development in China?\u2014Research on Night Light","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Econ. Stat. Q."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.3390\/en3121895","article-title":"Creating a Global Grid of Distributed Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions from Nighttime Satellite Imagery","volume":"3","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energies"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:15:29Z","timestamp":1760141729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14174181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14174181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]}}}