{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:40:52Z","timestamp":1768686052659,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK030701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK030701"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["XDA19090300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19090300"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["61731022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61731022"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2019QZKK030701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK030701"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19090300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19090300"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["61731022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61731022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK030701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK030701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA19090300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19090300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61731022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61731022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of global sustainable development, solar energy is very widely used. The installed capacity of photovoltaic panels in countries around the world, especially in China, is increasing steadily and rapidly. In order to obtain accurate information about photovoltaic panels and provide data support for the macro-control of the photovoltaic industry, this paper proposed a hierarchical information extraction method, including positioning information and shape information, and carried out photovoltaic panel distribution mapping. This method is suitable for large-scale centralized photovoltaic power plants based on multi-source satellite remote sensing images. This experiment takes the three northwest provinces of China as the research area. First, a deep learning scene classification model, the EfficientNet-B5 model, is used to locate the photovoltaic power plants on 16-m spatial resolution images. This step obtains the area that contains or may contain photovoltaic panels, greatly reducing the study area with an accuracy of 99.97%. Second, a deep learning semantic segmentation model, the U2-Net model, is used to precisely locate photovoltaic panels on 2-m spatial resolution images. This step achieves the exact extraction results of the photovoltaic panels from the area obtained in the previous step, with an accuracy of 97.686%. This paper verifies the superiority of a hierarchical information extraction method in terms of accuracy and efficiency through comparative experiments with DeepLabV3+, U-Net, SegNet, and FCN8s. This meaningful work identified 180 centralized photovoltaic power plants in the study area. Additionally, this method makes full use of the characteristics of different remote sensing data sources. This method can be applied to the rapid extraction of global photovoltaic panels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"4211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Hierarchical Information Extraction Method for Large-Scale Centralized Photovoltaic Power Plants Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guizhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Research Institute, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Observation of Hainan Province, Hainan Research Institute, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengji","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5594-0815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranyu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianzi","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Development Status and Prospect of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shandong Ind. 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