{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:21:53Z","timestamp":1781763713224,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Planning for a sustainable future involves understanding the past and present problems associated with urban centers. Rapid urbanization has caused significant adverse impacts on the environment and natural resources. In cities, one such impact is the unsettling urban growth, resulting in the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which causes considerable positive feedback in the climate system. It can be assessed by investigating the relationships between urban Land Use\/Land Cover (LULC) changes and changes in land surface temperature. This study links the urban transformations in Bangalore, India, between 2001 and 2021, with the city\u2019s changing average land surface temperatures. LULC classification was performed on Landsat satellite images for the years 2001, 2011, and 2021, using the support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm. LULC change analysis revealed an increase in the built-up area coinciding with a decreasing trend of water bodies, vegetation, and the area under the others (wasteland\/open land\/barren land) category. The results show that built-up increased from 462.49 km2 to 867.73 km2, vegetation decreased from 799.4 km2 to 485.72 km2, and waterbody declined from 34.28 km2 to 24.69 km2 in 20 years. The impact of urbanization was evident in Bangalore\u2019s land temperature changes between 2001 and 2021, showing the average temperature increased by 0.34 \u00b0C per year between the highest UHI events, contrary to 0.14 \u00b0C per year in non-urbanized areas. It is hoped that the results of this study can help the urban planners of Bangalore city identify critical areas where improvement in urban dwelling could be planned sustainably according to the global smart cities concept, an offshoot concept of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-11.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"4241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Understanding the Linkage between Urban Growth and Land Surface Temperature\u2014A Case Study of Bangalore City, India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shruti","family":"Kanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2913-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gowhar","family":"Meraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, SDA Colony Bemina, Srinagar 190018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1911-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Alan","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama 240-0115, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9420-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suraj Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Development, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Naseef","family":"PV","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change & Water Research (C3WR), Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, SDA Colony Bemina, Srinagar 190018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama 240-0115, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Marazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Government Boys Degree College, Handwara, Kashmir 193221, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Netrananda","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114037","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4b71","article-title":"Projecting global urban land expansion and heat island intensification through 2050","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100141","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of urban area expansion in zimbabwe between 1990 and 2020: The Case of Gweru City","volume":"4","author":"Matsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"4219","article-title":"Urbanisation in Developing Countries","volume":"37","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Econ. Political Wkly."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaban, A., and Kourtit, K. (2020). Nijkamp, India\u2019s Urban System: Sustainability and Imbalanced Growth of Cities. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12072941"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Hareesha, K.S., Gangashetty, S.V., and Ramaswamy, V. (2005, January 20\u201322). Support vector machines for face recognition. Proceedings of the 2nd Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Pune, India."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"56","article-title":"Ecosystem service provisioning\u2013underlying principles and techniques","volume":"7","author":"Meraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"SGVU J. Clim. Chang. Water"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2017.01.003","article-title":"Urban economics for the developing World: An introduction","volume":"98","author":"Glaeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30066-6","article-title":"City planning and population health: A global challenge","volume":"388","author":"Reis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.004","article-title":"Smart cities: Advances in research\u2014An information systems perspective","volume":"47","author":"Ismagilova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surya, B., Syafri, S., Sahban, H., and Sakti, H.H. (2020). Natural resource conservation based on community economic empowerment: Perspectives on watershed management and slum settlements in Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9040104"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12138","article-title":"Winning the SDG battle in cities: How an integrated information ecosystem can contribute to the achievement of the 2030 sustainable development goals","volume":"27","author":"Corbett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedi, P. (2022). Smart Global Megacities Spatial Strategies for Kolkata Metropolitan Region. Smart Global Megacities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-2019-5_9"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.17645\/up.v4i2.2005","article-title":"Implementing the new urban agenda in Rwanda: Nation-wide public space initiatives","volume":"4","author":"Gubic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/19463138.2019.1573172","article-title":"Adapting the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda to the city level: Initial reflections from a comparative research project","volume":"11","author":"Valencia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijoo, Z.K. (2021). Urban Heat Island Effect Concept and Its Assessment Using Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Data. Geographic Information Science for Land Resource Management, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119786375.ch5"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.110828","article-title":"The recent residential apartment buildings\u2019 thermal performance under the combined effect of the global and the local warming","volume":"238","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"34","article-title":"Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities","volume":"8","author":"Tran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haashemi, S., Weng, Q., Darvishi, A., and Alavipanah, S.K. (2016). Seasonal variations of the surface urban heat island in a semi-arid city. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040352"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2013.12.001","article-title":"Summertime urban heat island study for Guwahati city, India","volume":"11","author":"Borbora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7440-1","article-title":"The impact of spatiotemporal patterns of land use land cover and land surface temperature on an urban cool island: A case study of Bengaluru","volume":"191","author":"Govind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chand, K., Kuniyal, J.C., Kanga, S., Guleria, R., Meraj, G., Kumar, P., Farooq, M., Singh, S.K., Nathawat, M.S., and Sahu, N. (2021). Aerosol Characteristics and Their Impact on the Himalayan Energy Budget. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010179"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.08.018","article-title":"Spatial assessment of climate change vulnerability at city scale: A study in Bangalore, India","volume":"58","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances of four machine learning methods for spatial data handling: A review","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geovisualization Spat. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.07.164","article-title":"Application of support vector machine models for forecasting solar and wind energy resources: A review","volume":"199","author":"Zendehboudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13724","article-title":"Analyzing the risk to COVID-19 infection using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"41","author":"Kanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling the sediment retention and ecosystem provisioning services in the Kashmir valley, India, Western Himalayas","volume":"8","author":"Meraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modeling Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomar, P., Singh, S.K., Kanga, S., Meraj, G., Kranj\u010di\u0107, N., \u0110urin, B., and Pattanaik, A. (2021). GIS-Based Urban Flood Risk Assessment and Management\u2014A Case Study of Delhi National Capital Territory (NCT), India. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212850"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rather, M.A., Meraj, G., Farooq, M., Shiekh, B.A., Kumar, P., Kanga, S., Singh, S.K., Sahu, N., and Tiwari, S. (2022). Identifying the Potential Dam Sites to Avert the Risk of Catastrophic Floods in the Jhelum Basin, Kashmir, NW Himalaya, India. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071538"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2007128","article-title":"A multi objective genetic SVM approach for classification problems with limited training samples","volume":"47","author":"Ghoggali","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"871","article-title":"Computational Image Interpretation Models: An Overview and a Perspective","volume":"56","author":"Argialas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.105","article-title":"Spatial-temporal change of land surface temperature across 285 cities in China: An urban-rural contrast perspective","volume":"635","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2018.09.004","article-title":"Influence of vegetation on the morning land surface temperature in a tropical humid urban area","volume":"26","author":"Acero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.07.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the MODIS collections 5 and 6 for change analysis of vegetation and land surface temperature dynamics in North and South America","volume":"156","author":"Heck","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1109\/36.508406","article-title":"A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space","volume":"34","author":"Wan","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"45","article-title":"Land surface temperature with land cover dynamics: Multi-resolution, spatio-temporal data analysis of Greater Bangalore","volume":"5","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"265","article-title":"Bangalore: Urban heating or urban cooling?","volume":"24","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1177\/0021909620960155","article-title":"Determinants and Decomposition of Poverty of Rural India: Glimpses from the Purulia District of West Bengal","volume":"56","author":"Guchhait","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asian Afr. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Mathur, O. (2013). Urban Poverty in Asia, Asian Development Bank."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-021-01131-6","article-title":"Modeling on comparison of ecosystem services concepts, tools, methods and their ecological-economic implications: A review","volume":"8","author":"Meraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modeling Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.qsa.2021.100038","article-title":"Climate vulnerability and economic determinants: Linkages and risk reduction in Sagar Island, India; A geospatial approach","volume":"4","author":"Bera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, M., Rashid, H., Meraj, G., Kanga, S., and Singh, S.K. (2022). Assessing the Microclimatic Environmental Indicators of Climate Change of a Temperate Valley in the Western Himalayan Region. Climate Change, Disaster and Adaptations, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91010-5_5"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acags.2020.100051","article-title":"Retrieval of land surface temperature, normalized difference moisture index, normalized difference water index of the Ravi basin using Landsat data","volume":"9","author":"Taloor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113970","article-title":"Modeling relationship between land surface temperature anomaly and environmental factors using GEE and Giovanni","volume":"302","author":"Jamali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107533","article-title":"Spatial distribution and influencing factors on urban land surface temperature of twelve megacities in China from 2000 to 2017","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110415","article-title":"Research on quantitative assessment of climate change risk at an urban scale: Review of recent progress and outlook of future direction","volume":"135","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"World Bank (2018). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018: Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank, Street NW."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Seager, J., Bechtel, J., Bock, S., and Dankelman, I.E.M. (2016). Global Gender and Environment Outlook, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhukta, A. (2020). No Poverty: How Much, How Far. Sustainable Development Goals 2020, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42488-6_1"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adolescent undernutrition in South Asia: A scoping review","volume":"35","author":"Querol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, M., Meraj, G., Kanga, S., Nathawat, R., Singh, S.K., and Ranga, V. (2022). Slum Categorization for Efficient Development Plan\u2014A Case Study of Udhampur City, Jammu and Kashmir Using Remote Sensing and GIS. Geospatial Technology for Landscape and Environmental Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7373-3_14"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kala, S. (2022). Global governance and India\u2019s food governance and security. Food Governance in India, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003272656-8"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2021.105454","article-title":"Examining multidimensional poverty reduction in India 2005\/6\u20132015\/16: Insights and oversights of the headcount ratio","volume":"142","author":"Alkire","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/earth2030036","article-title":"Role of natural capital economics for sustainable management of earth resources","volume":"2","author":"Meraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/geographies2010001","article-title":"Assessment of the Impact of Urbanization on Geoenvironmental Settings Using Geospatial Techniques: A Study of Panchkula District, Haryana","volume":"2","author":"Kanga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geographies"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur, V., Parida, D.J., and Raj, V. (2022). Sustainable municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in the smart cities in Indian context. Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag., Available online: https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJPPM-10-2021-0588\/full\/html.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-10-2021-0588"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajan, S.I. (2022). India Migration Report 2013: Social Costs of Migration, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003157977"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"39","article-title":"Poverty alleviation and plight of migrant workers: Socio-legal issues in the pandemic phase","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Rights Const. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahajan, V., and Singh, J. (2022). Lives, Livelihoods and Environment: The Challenge of Sustainable Development Goals in India. Financial Crises, Poverty and Environmental Sustainability: Challenges in the Context of the SDGs and Covid-19 Recovery, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87417-9_7"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniades, A., Antonarakis, A.S., Gilman, J., and Kempf, I. (2022). The Crises-Poverty-Sustainability Nexus in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals and Covid-19. Financial Crises, Poverty and Environmental Sustainability: Challenges in the Context of the SDGs and Covid-19 Recovery, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87417-9"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.22161\/ijaers.92.25","article-title":"The cause of Kabul\u2019s environmental problems is its impact on economic and human health","volume":"9","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-021-01086-8","article-title":"The effect of financial crises on deforestation: A global and regional panel data analysis","volume":"17","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zgheib, W. (2019). Impacts of Political Instability on Economics in the MENA Region, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-8247-2"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Kayaly, D., Hazem, N., and Fahim, I. (2021, January 15\u201316). Impact of COVID 19 on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Evidence from Egyptian Plastic Packaging Industry. Proceedings of the 2021 Third International Sustainability and Resilience Conference: Climate Change, Sakheer, Bahrain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF53624.2021.9667962"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:19:01Z","timestamp":1760141941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14174241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14174241","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]}}}