{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:39:25Z","timestamp":1775068765883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, China University of Mining and Technology","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"the Xuzhou Key Project","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["42074226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074226"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["41874040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874040"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["41730109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41730109"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["2020CXNL08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020CXNL08"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["2020QN30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020QN30"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["BK20200664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200664"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["BK20200646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200646"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["BK20191342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20191342"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["20-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-01-09"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["LEDM2021B10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEDM2021B10"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["2020YFA0713502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0713502"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["KC19111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC19111"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Dual Creative Doctors Project","award":["B20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a frequently-occurred phenomenon in the high-latitude region, ionospheric scintillations affect the stable service of the positioning navigation and timing service of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), calling for an urgent need of monitoring the scintillations accurately. The monitoring of scintillations usually adopts a special type of receiver, called an ionospheric scintillation monitoring receiver (ISMR), which cannot cover the whole high-latitude region due to its loss distribution. Geodetic receivers are densely distributed, but set at a 30s-sampling-interval usually. It is a controversial issue, namely, the accuracy of the scintillation index extracted from 30s-sampling-interval observations. This paper evaluates the accuracy of two 30s-sampling-interval indices in monitoring scintillations from both the time and space aspects using observations collected in the whole year of 2020. The accuracy in the time aspect is assessed with the phase scintillation index from ISMR as the reference through the following three-pronged approaches, i.e., the accuracy of the daily scintillation occurrence rates in the year 2020, the correlation with space weather parameters, and the variation pattern of the scintillation occurrence rate with the local time and day of the year 2020. The accuracy in space is studied based on the scintillation grid model considering the following two aspects, i.e., the scintillation monitoring performance in a Swarm satellite observation arc, and the statistical scintillation occurrence rate in the whole research region throughout the year 2020. The results of this paper reveal the efficiency of the 30s-sampling-interval scintillation indices in monitoring scintillations and detecting the occurrence patterns in the high-latitude region. The outcome of this paper can provide a basic idea for introducing the widely distributed geodetic receivers to monitor and model the scintillations in the high-latitude region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"4255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Validating Ionospheric Scintillation Indices Extracted from 30s-Sampling-Interval GNSS Geodetic Receivers with Long-Term Ground and In-Situ Observations in High-Latitude Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7297-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8253-8597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6526-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5291-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Tianyi Design Research of Surveying and Mapping Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig M.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3703-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gethin Wyn","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land and Sea Mapping, Faroese Environment Agency, 165 T\u00f3rshavn, Faroe Islands"},{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of the Faroe Islands, 100 T\u00f3rshavn, Faroe Islands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kefei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zemin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Natural Resources Satellite Application Center, Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuanglei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation and Research Station of Jiangsu Jiawang Resource Exhausted Mining Area Land Restoration and Ecological Succession, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1982.12314","article-title":"Global morphology of ionospheric scintillations","volume":"70","author":"Aarons","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-35-377-2017","article-title":"MONITOR Ionospheric Network: Two case studies on scintillation and electron content variability","volume":"35","author":"Cherniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.08.022","article-title":"Visual exploration and analysis of ionospheric scintillation monitoring data: The ISMR Query Tool","volume":"104","author":"Vani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2008RS004046","article-title":"Canadian high arctic ionospheric network (CHAIN)","volume":"44","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-022-00069-z","article-title":"Modeling and assessment of five-frequency BDS precise point positioning","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Satell. Navig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-017-1031-0","article-title":"A method for scintillation characterization using geodetic receivers operating at 1 Hz","volume":"91","author":"Juan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A14","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2017044","article-title":"AATR an ionospheric activity indicator specifically based on GNSS measurements","volume":"8","author":"Juan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Space Weather Space Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01297-z","article-title":"Measuring phase scintillation at different frequencies with conventional GNSS receivers operating at 1 Hz","volume":"93","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/2015SW001183","article-title":"Wavelet-based analogous phase scintillation index for high latitudes","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"368","article-title":"Extracting an ionospheric phase scintillation index based on 1 Hz GNSS observations and its verification in the Arctic region","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1029\/2017RS006391","article-title":"Validation of ROTI for ionospheric amplitude scintillation measurements in a low-latitude region over Africa","volume":"53","author":"Olwendo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2021.09.026","article-title":"Analysis on the ionospheric scintillation monitoring performance of ROTI extracted from GNSS observations in high-latitude regions","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1029\/96JA03141","article-title":"Structures in ionospheric number density and velocity associated with polar cap ionization patches","volume":"102","author":"Heelis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29229","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JA900005","article-title":"Seasonal and universal time distribution of patches in the northern and southern polar caps","volume":"103","author":"Coley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JA024811","article-title":"Annual Occurrence Rates of Ionospheric Polar Cap Patches Observed Using Swarm","volume":"123","author":"Chartier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062610","article-title":"Swarm in situ observations of F region polar cap patches created by cusp precipitation","volume":"42","author":"Goodwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062590","article-title":"Observation of polar cap patches and calculation of gradient drift instability growth times: A Swarm case study","volume":"42","author":"Spicher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023086","article-title":"Morphology of high-latitude plasma density perturbations as deduced from the total electron content measurements onboard the Swarm constellation","volume":"122","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JA026063","article-title":"Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Characterized by the Swarm Satellites: Statistics at High Latitudes","volume":"124","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL02273","article-title":"Monitoring of global ionospheric irregularities using the Worldwide GPS Network","volume":"24","author":"Pi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021SW003015","DOI":"10.1029\/2021SW003015","article-title":"Ionospheric Phase Scintillation Index Estimation Based on 1 Hz Geodetic GNSS Receiver Measurements by Using Continuous Wavelet Transform","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fspas.2018.00026","article-title":"The Behaviors of Ionospheric Scintillations Around Different Types of Nightside Auroral Boundaries Seen at the Chinese Yellow River Station, Svalbard","volume":"5","author":"Priyadarshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Astron. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.02.031","article-title":"Statistical study on the characterization of phase and amplitude scintillation events in the high-latitude region during 2014\u20132020 based on ISMR","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001RS002508","article-title":"Problems in data treatment for ionospheric scintillation measurements","volume":"37","author":"Forte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2005.01.011","article-title":"Optimum detrending of raw GPS data for scintillation measurements at auroral latitudes","volume":"67","author":"Forte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA023750","article-title":"Interhemispheric study of polar cap patch occurrence based on Swarm in situ data","volume":"122","author":"Spicher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, D., Hancock, C.M., Roberts, G.W., and Jin, S. (2019). Cycle Slip Detection during High Ionospheric Activities Based on Combined Triple-Frequency GNSS Signals. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030250"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-018-0817-8","article-title":"A triple-frequency cycle slip detection and correction method based on modified HMW combinations applied on GPS and BDS","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Wu, J.-T., Wu, S.C., Hajj, G.A., Bertiger, W.I., and Lichten, S.M. (1992). Effects of antenna orientation on GPS carrier phase. Astrodynamics 1991, Proceedings of the AAS\/AIAA Astrodynamics Conference, Durango, CO, 19\u201322 August 1991, Univelt, Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beard, R., and Senior, K. (2017). Clock. Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42928-1_5"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50288","article-title":"GPT2: Empirical slant delay model for radio space geodetic techniques","volume":"40","author":"Lagler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-018-1220-5","article-title":"PPP-RTK based on undifferenced and uncombined observations: Theoretical and practical aspects","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-021-01546-0","article-title":"Integer-estimable FDMA model as an enabler of GLONASS PPP-RTK","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2002.804066","article-title":"Generalized Morse wavelets","volume":"50","author":"Olhede","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2015.57071","article-title":"On Inversion of Continuous Wavelet Transform","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2021.09.010","article-title":"Manifestation of earthquake preparation zone in the ionosphere before 2021 Sonitpur, Assam earthquake revealed by GPS-TEC data","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khazanov, G.V. (2016). Space Weather Fundamentals, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315368474"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshkuvatov, H.E., Ahmedov, B.J., Tillayev, Y.A., Tariq, M.A., Shah, M.A., and Liu, L. (2022). Ionospheric precursors of strong earthquakes observed using six GNSS stations data during continuous five years (2011\u20132015). Geod. Geodyn.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2022.04.002"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geog.2021.03.001","article-title":"The effect of space weather on the ionosphere at the 110\u00b0 meridian during CAWSES-II period","volume":"12","author":"Maltseva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020SW002641","DOI":"10.1029\/2020SW002641","article-title":"The geomagnetic Kp index and derived indices of geomagnetic activity","volume":"19","author":"Matzka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Meeus, J. (1998). Astronomical Algorithms, Willmann-Bell, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-32-623-2014","article-title":"An empirical model of the auroral oval derived from CHAMP field-aligned current signatures\u2014Part 2","volume":"32","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JA022613","article-title":"Statistical study of the GNSS phase scintillation associated with two types of auroral blobs","volume":"121","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-011-9346-5","article-title":"Moving Surface Spline Interpolation Based on Green\u2019s Function","volume":"43","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-020-01288-x","article-title":"International Geomagnetic Reference Field: The thirteenth generation","volume":"73","author":"Alken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:19:35Z","timestamp":1760141975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14174255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14174255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}}}