{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:42:13Z","timestamp":1768340533579,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/42\/E\/ST10\/00218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/42\/E\/ST10\/00218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical heights were traditionally determined without considering the dynamic processes of the Earth induced from temporal mass variations. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission provided valuable data that allow the estimation of geoid\/quasigeoid height changes and vertical deformations of the Earth\u2019s surface induced from temporal mass loading, and thereby temporal variations of physical heights. The objective of this investigation is to discuss the determination of orthometric\/normal heights considering mass transports within the Earth\u2019s system. An approach to determine such heights was proposed. First, temporal variations of orthometric\/normal heights (\u0394H\/\u0394H*) were determined using the release 6 GRACE-based Global Geopotential Models together with load Love numbers obtained from the preliminary reference Earth model. Then, those variations were modelled and predicted using the seasonal decomposition (SD) method. The proposed approach was tested on the territory of Poland. The main results obtained reveal that \u0394H\/\u0394H* over the area investigated are at the level of a couple of centimetres and that they can be modelled and predicted with a millimetre accuracy using the SD method. Orthometric\/normal heights corrected for their dynamics can be determined by combining modelled \u0394H\/\u0394H* with orthometric\/normal heights referred to a specific reference epoch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:13:56Z","timestamp":1661904836000},"page":"4271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Contribution of GRACE Satellite Mission to the Determination of Orthometric\/Normal Heights Corrected for Their Dynamics\u2014A Case Study of Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6421-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Szelachowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (IGiK), Centre of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 27 Modzelewskiego St., 02-679 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walyeldeen","family":"Godah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (IGiK), Centre of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 27 Modzelewskiego St., 02-679 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0695-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Krynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (IGiK), Centre of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 27 Modzelewskiego St., 02-679 Warsaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11200-016-0171-7","article-title":"Data requirements for a 5-mm quasi-geoid in the Netherlands","volume":"61","author":"Farahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. 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