{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:06:48Z","timestamp":1760231208356,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFB0505802","42074004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB0505802","42074004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFB0505802","42074004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB0505802","42074004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, it is still challenging to detect earthquakes by using the measurements of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), especially while only adopting single-frequency GNSS. To increase the accuracy of earthquake detection and warning, extra information and techniques are required that lead to high costs. Therefore, this work tries to find a low-cost method with high-accuracy performance. The contributions of our research are twofold: (1) an improved earthquake-displacement estimation approach by considering the relation between earthquake and ionospheric disturbance is presented. For this purpose, we propose an undifferenced uncombined Single-Frequency Precise Point Positioning (SF-PPP) approach, in which both the ionospheric delay of each observed satellite and receiver Differential Code Bias (DCB) are parameterized. When processing the 1 Hz GPS data collected during the 2013 Mw7.0 Lushan earthquake and the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, the proposed SF-PPP method can provide coseismic deformation signals accurately. Compared to the results from GAMIT\/TRACK, the accuracy of the proposed SF-PPP was not influenced by the common mode errors that exist in the GAMIT\/TRACK solutions. (2) Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) anomalies before an earthquake are investigated by applying time-series analysis and spatial interpolation methods. Furthermore, on the long-term scale, it is revealed that significant positive\/negative VTEC anomalies appeared around the earthquake epicenter on the day the earthquake occurred compared to about 4\u20135 days before the earthquake, whereas, on the short-term scale, positive\/negative VTEC anomalies emerged several-hours before or after an earthquake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:13:56Z","timestamp":1661904836000},"page":"4286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of Displacement and Ionospheric Disturbance during an Earthquake Using Single-Frequency PPP"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhouzheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8851-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Junhuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravanelli, M., Occhipinti, G., Savastano, G., Komjathy, A., Shume, E.B., and Crespi, M. 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