{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:36:56Z","timestamp":1782322616825,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42174005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC3000400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000400"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["42174005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174005"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFC3000400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000400"]}]},{"name":"the Shuler-Foscue Endowment at Southern Methodist University","award":["42174005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174005"]}]},{"name":"the Shuler-Foscue Endowment at Southern Methodist University","award":["2021YFC3000400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Through different phases of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired on different dates and\/or at different satellite imaging locations, the interferometric SAR (InSAR) technique has long been used to map ground deformation or generate global digital elevation model (DEM) (e [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:55:38Z","timestamp":1662004538000},"page":"4307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Advances in InSAR Imaging and Data Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8152-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/5.838084","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"83","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., and Dzurisin, D. (2014). InSAR Imaging of Aleutian Volcanoes: Monitoring a Volcanic Arc from Space, Geophysical Sciences. Springer Praxis Books.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00348-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/19479832.2015.1068874","article-title":"Ground deformation mapping by fusion of multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar images: A review","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Data Fus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/36.45749","article-title":"Studies of multi-baseline spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radars","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1088\/0959-7174\/3\/4\/002","article-title":"The phase statistics of a multichannel radar interferometer","volume":"3","author":"Barber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wave Random Media"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.004361","article-title":"Phase Statistics of Interferograms with Applications to Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"33","author":"Just","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Seymour, M.S., and Cumming, I.G. (1994, January 8\u201312). Maximum likelihood estimator for SAR interferometry. Proceedings of the IGARSS, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1109\/36.297975","article-title":"Probability density functions for multilook polarimetric signatures","volume":"32","author":"Joughin","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1109\/36.485128","article-title":"Statistics of the Stokes Parameters and of the Complex Coherence Parameters in One-Look and Multilook Speckle Fields","volume":"34","author":"Touzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175330","article-title":"Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes","volume":"30","author":"Zebker","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1029\/RS022i002p00251","article-title":"The effect of the dynamic wet troposphere on radio interferometric measurements","volume":"22","author":"Treuhaft","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2800087","article-title":"InSAR-BM3D: A Nonlocal Filter for SAR Interferometric Phase Restoration","volume":"56","author":"Sica","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673674","article-title":"A Novel Phase Unwrapping Method Based on Network Programming","volume":"36","author":"Costantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Usai, S. (1997, January 3\u20138). The use of man-made features for long time scale INSAR. Proceedings of the IGARSS, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.17.000401","article-title":"Network approaches to two-dimensional phase unwrapping: Intractability and two new algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.873207","article-title":"On the Extension of the Minimum Cost Flow Algorithm for Phase Unwrapping of Multitemporal Differential SAR Interferograms","volume":"44","author":"Pepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.27.000605","article-title":"Edgelist phase unwrapping algorithm for time series InSAR analysis","volume":"27","author":"Zebker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2052625","article-title":"Modeling the PSInSAR time-series without phase unwrapping","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2261996","article-title":"Hybrid approach for unbiased coherence estimation for multitemporal InSAR","volume":"52","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2960007","article-title":"Distributed scatterer interferometry with the refinement of spatiotemporal coherence","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2853706","article-title":"Toward Mitigating Stratified Tropospheric Delays in Multitemporal InSAR: A Quadtree Aided Joint model","volume":"57","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030409","article-title":"Accuracy of a Model-Free Algorithm for Temporal InSAR Tropospheric Correction","volume":"13","author":"Zebker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.03.008","article-title":"Time-series InSAR ground deformation monitoring: Atmospheric delay modeling and estimating","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1109\/36.868878","article-title":"Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR Interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A., Segall, P., and Zebker, H. (2007). Persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volc\u00e1n Alcedo, Gal\u00e1pagos. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004763"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2124465","article-title":"A New Algorithm for Processing Interferometric Data-Stacks: SqueeSAR","volume":"49","author":"Ferretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2473818","article-title":"A phase-decomposition-based PSInSAR processing method","volume":"54","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"De Zan, F. (2008). Optimizing SAR Interferometry for Decorrelating Scatterers. [Ph.D. Thesis, Politecnico di Milano]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Samiei-Esfahany, S. (2017). Exploitation of Distributed Scatterers in Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Sun, Q., and Hu, J. (2021). Quantitatively Estimating of InSAR Decorrelation Based on Landsat-Derived NDVI. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132440"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zhang, S., Li, T., Gao, Y., Zhou, X., Chen, Q., Zhang, X., and Yang, C. (2021). An Adaptive Weighted Phase Optimization Algorithm Based on the Sigmoid Model for Distributed Scatterers. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163253"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., Wang, C., Tang, Y., Zhang, H., and Xu, L. (2021). Improving CPT-InSAR Algorithm with Adaptive Coherent Distributed Pixels Selection. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234784"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, L., Zhang, X., Zhou, L., Li, L., Shi, J., and Wei, S. (2022). Nonlocal Feature Selection Encoder\u2013Decoder Network for Accurate InSAR Phase Filtering. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051174"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Z., Chen, T., Xing, X., Peng, W., and Chen, L. (2022). BM3D Denoising for a Cluster-Analysis-Based Multibaseline InSAR Phase-Unwrapping Method. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081836"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Gao, Y., Li, S., Jia, Y., and Li, M. (2022). Adaptive Square-Root Unscented Kalman Filter Phase Unwrapping with Modified Phase Gradient Estimation. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051229"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, W., Wang, S., Xu, B., Li, Z., and Zhu, Y. (2021). An Improved Phase Unwrapping Method Based on Hierarchical Networking and Constrained Adjustment. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214193"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Yang, H., Xu, L., and Li, T. (2021). Novel Model-Based Approaches for Non-Homogenous Atmospheric Compensation of GB-InSAR in the Azimuth and Horizontal Directions. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112153"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Tian, W., Deng, Y., Hu, C., and Zeng, T. (2021). Calibration Method of Array Errors for Wideband MIMO Imaging Radar Based on Multiple Prominent Targets. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152997"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Lu, Z., and Kim, J.-W. (2021). P-Band InSAR for Geohazard Detection over Forested Terrains: Preliminary Results. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224575"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Dai, K., Deng, J., Ge, D., Liang, R., Li, W., and Xu, Q. (2021). Identifying Potential Landslides by Stacking-InSAR in Southwestern China and Its Performance Comparison with SBAS-InSAR. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183662"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, F., Zhang, Q., Niu, Y., Lu, Z., Wang, S., Zhao, C., Zhu, W., Qu, W., and Yang, C. (2022). Mapping the Recent Vertical Crustal Deformation of the Weihe Basin (China) Using Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 ScanSAR Imagery. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133182"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, X., Zhang, R., Shama, A., Li, S., Xie, L., Lv, J., Fu, Y., Wu, R., and Liu, G. (2022). Ground Deformation Pattern Analysis and Evolution Prediction of Shanghai Pudong International Airport Based on PSI Long Time Series Observations. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030610"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Shi, J., Yi, H., Zhu, Y., and Xu, B. (2021). Underground Goaf Parameters Estimation by Cross-Iteration with InSAR Measurements. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163204"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, M., Zhang, R., Lv, J., Yu, B., Pang, J., Li, R., Xiang, W., and Tao, W. (2021). Subsidence Monitoring of Fill Area in Yan\u2019an New District Based on Sentinel-1A Time Series Imagery. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153044"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.-H., Chen, Q., Xu, Q., Zhao, J.-J., Hu, J.-C., Li, H.-L., and Xu, L. (2021). Comprehensive Investigation of Capabilities of the Left-Looking InSAR Observations in Coseismic Surface Deformation Mapping and Faulting Model Estimation Using Multi-Pass Measurements: An Example of the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan Earthquake. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112034"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Feng, M., Zhang, H., Wang, C., Tang, Y., Xu, J., Yan, D., and Wang, C. (2021). Detecting Rock Glacier Displacement in the Central Himalayas Using Multi-Temporal InSAR. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234738"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4307\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:21:31Z","timestamp":1760142091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/17\/4307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14174307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14174307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}