{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T13:42:07Z","timestamp":1768743727832,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DLR-SO internal funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, statistical analysis of the main ionospheric trough was performed using K-band ranging system (KBR) measurements from the GRACE satellite constellation from 2002 to 2015. The investigated period covers high- and low-solar-activity conditions. The mid-latitude ionospheric trough (MIT) characteristics were investigated for both the northern and southern hemispheres. MIT parameters such as the minimum trough position, trough width and depth, and trough occurrence probability were studied in connection with magnetic local time; geographic distribution; seasons; solar activity; and geomagnetic activity conditions, such as the solar wind plasma speed, interplanetary magnetic field components, and high-resolution geomagnetic indices SYM\u2013H and Hp30.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"4384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of the Mid-Latitude Ionospheric trough Using GRACE Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kateryna","family":"Lubyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Mainul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Kalkhorstweg 53, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Stolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ070i011p02635","article-title":"F-Layer Ionization Troughs Deduced from Alouette Data","volume":"70","author":"Muldrew","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. 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