{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:08:17Z","timestamp":1760231297797,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]],"date-time":"2022-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development program","award":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"]}]},{"name":"the open project of Equipment Pre-research Fund","award":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213102","6142404180302","41475024","42027804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is very useful for adaptive optics (AO) systems to have appropriate knowledge of optical turbulence. However, due to the limitations of space and time, it is difficult to obtain turbulence parameters, especially in the far sea area. In this paper, the characteristics of optical turbulence over the South China Sea are obtained by analyzing the meteorological data obtained from the field experiment of ocean optical parameters and the fifth set of reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for 10 years (2011\u20132020). Firstly, a new statistical model is proposed based on the measured data and the Hufnagel-Valley 5\/7, which can well reconstruct the atmospheric turbulence characteristics of the South China Sea. Secondly, according to the comparison between the temperature and wind speed data in ERA5 data and microthermal measurement, the ERA5 data have good reliability, with the temperature deviation basically less than 1.5 K and the wind speed deviation basically less than 2 m\u2219s\u22121. Thirdly, the vertical distributions and seasonal behavior of the turbulence strength at the determined location are analyzed, which shows that the turbulence strength in the upper atmosphere is strongest in summer, followed by autumn and winter, and weakest in spring. Then, the distribution profile of the Richardson number provides us with the relative probability of the existence of optical turbulence. During summer and September, the instability of the atmosphere is significantly larger than other months and the extremely low intensity in April indicates the most stable condition in all months. Finally, the analysis results of turbulence parameter profiles for many years show that there is good consistency between different parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"4398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of Optical Turbulence over the South China Sea Using Balloon-Borne Microthermal Data and ERA5 Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9080-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manman","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-2800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyong","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ningquan","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.06.055","article-title":"Average channel capacity in anisotropic atmospheric non-Kolmogorov turbulent medium","volume":"451","author":"Ata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. 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