{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:41:45Z","timestamp":1761198105208,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cGraduate School of Particulate Matter Specialization\u201d of Korea Environmental Industry &amp; Technology Institute grant funded by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea","award":["2019M3E7A1113103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M3E7A1113103"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT, MOE)","award":["2019M3E7A1113103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M3E7A1113103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To identify the long-term trend of particle size variation, we analyzed aerosol optical depth (AOD, \u03c4) separated as dust (\u03c4D) and coarse-(\u03c4PC) and fine-pollution particles (\u03c4PF) depending on emission sources and size. \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m exponent values are also identified separately as total and fine-mode particles (\u03b1T and \u03b1PF). We checked these trends in various ways; (1) first-order linear regression analysis of the annual average values, (2) percent variation using the slope of linear regression method, and (3) a reliability analysis using the Mann\u2013Kendall (MK) test. We selected 17 AERONET sun\/sky radiometer sites classified into six regions, i.e., Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia. Although there were regional differences, \u03c4 decreased in Europe and Asian regions and increased in the Middle East, India, and North Africa. Values of \u03c4PC and \u03c4PF, show that aerosol loading caused by non-dust aerosols decreased in Europe and Asia and increased in India. In particular, \u03c4PF considerably decreased in Europe and Northeast Asia (95% confidential levels in MK-test), and \u03c4PC decreased in Northeast Asia (Z-values for Seoul and Osaka are \u22122.955 and \u22122.306, respectively, statistically significant if |z| \u2265 1.96). The decrease in \u03c4PC seems to be because of the reduction of primary and anthropogenic emissions from regulation by air quality policies. The meaningful result in this paper is that the particle size became smaller, as seen by values of \u03b1T that decreased by \u22123.30 to \u221230.47% in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East because \u03b1T provides information on the particle size. Particle size on average became smaller over India and Asian regions considered in our study due to the decrease in coarse particles. In particular, an increase of \u03b1PF in most areas shows the probability that the average particle size of fine-mode aerosols became smaller in recent years. We presumed the cause of the increase in \u03b1T is because relatively large-sized fine-mode particles were eliminated due to air quality policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"4429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-Term Variation Study of Fine-Mode Particle Size and Regional Characteristics Using AERONET Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juseon","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5220-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhyeon","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7995-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naghmeh","family":"Dehkhoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3727-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohee","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taegyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1478-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gahyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Detlef","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0096-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Tesche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Kyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divison of Research Planing, Seoul Institute of Technology, Seoul 03909, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fine Dust Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngmin","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06019","article-title":"Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption","volume":"448","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo156","article-title":"Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon","volume":"1","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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