{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:16:04Z","timestamp":1770894964627,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China, Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China, Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41627807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41627807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China, Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310-252072106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310-252072106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ph.D. innovation fund projects of the Xi\u2019an University of Technology","award":["42130612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130612"]}]},{"name":"Ph.D. innovation fund projects of the Xi\u2019an University of Technology","award":["41627807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41627807"]}]},{"name":"Ph.D. innovation fund projects of the Xi\u2019an University of Technology","award":["310-252072106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310-252072106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A macro-vertical structure is closely related to weather evolution and the energy budget balance of the atmospheric system of the Earth. In this study, radiosonde data were used to identify a cloud vertical structure (CVS) using the adjusted relative humidity threshold method. To evaluate the reliability and stability of this method, the results obtained based on the spatiotemporal matching criteria established in this study were compared with Ka-band millimetre-wave cloud radar (MMCR) observation data. This comparison showed that both devices exhibit high consistency in low-level cloud detection. With the increase in the cloud height, the frequency of the cloud appearance detection by the radiosonde became higher than that by the MMCR. In spring, the results of the CVS detection by the two devices were in good agreement. Specifically, the determination coefficients of the modified degrees of freedom (adjusted R-square) of the cloud base height (CBH) and cloud top height (CTH) detected by the two devices were 0.934 and 0.879, respectively. The horizontal drift of the radiosonde was the smallest in summer, and the adj. R-square values of the CBH and CTH were 0.814 and 0.852, respectively. The CVS observation results by the radiosonde and the MMCR were significantly different in autumn (the adj. R-Square values of the CBH and CTH were 0.715 and 0.629, respectively). In winter, the adj. R-Square values of the CBH and CTH observed by the radiosonde and the MMCR were 0.958 and 0.710, respectively. The statistics and analysis of the results of the distribution characteristics of the CVSs using radiosonde data from 2019 to 2021 from Xi\u2019an showed that the average CTH and CBH were at 7\u201310 km and 3\u20135 km, respectively. The frequencies of the cloud absence, rainfall, and two- and three-layer clouds were the highest in the winter (34.36%), autumn (12.99%), and summer, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"4462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Confidence and Error Analyses of the Radiosonde and Ka-Wavelength Cloud Radar for Detecting the Cloud Vertical Structure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huige","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danmin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengxin","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1995)034<2243:DOCVSF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Determination of cloud vertical structure from upper-air observations","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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