{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:54:19Z","timestamp":1775163259014,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JPMEERF20192001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20192001"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JPMEERF20215005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20215005"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JP20H04320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H04320"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JP21K12227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K12227"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JP22H03727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H03727"]}]},{"name":"Environment Research and Technology Development Fund","award":["JP22H05004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H05004"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JPMEERF20192001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20192001"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JPMEERF20215005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20215005"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20H04320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H04320"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21K12227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K12227"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP22H03727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H03727"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP22H05004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H05004"]}]},{"name":"JAXA 3rd research announcement on the Earth Observations","award":["JPMEERF20192001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20192001"]}]},{"name":"JAXA 3rd research announcement on the Earth Observations","award":["JPMEERF20215005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20215005"]}]},{"name":"JAXA 3rd research announcement on the Earth Observations","award":["JP20H04320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H04320"]}]},{"name":"JAXA 3rd research announcement on the Earth Observations","award":["JP21K12227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K12227"]}]},{"name":"JAXA 3rd research announcement on the Earth Observations","award":["JP22H03727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H03727"]}]},{"name":"JAXA 3rd research announcement on the Earth Observations","award":["JP22H05004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H05004"]}]},{"name":"Virtual Laboratory (VL) project by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","award":["JPMEERF20192001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20192001"]}]},{"name":"Virtual Laboratory (VL) project by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","award":["JPMEERF20215005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMEERF20215005"]}]},{"name":"Virtual Laboratory (VL) project by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","award":["JP20H04320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H04320"]}]},{"name":"Virtual Laboratory (VL) project by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","award":["JP21K12227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K12227"]}]},{"name":"Virtual Laboratory (VL) project by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","award":["JP22H03727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H03727"]}]},{"name":"Virtual Laboratory (VL) project by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan","award":["JP22H05004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H05004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To mitigate tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution with proper and effective emission regulations, diagnostics for the O3-sensitive regime are critical. In this study, we analyzed the satellite-measured formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column densities and derived the HCHO to NO2 ratio (FNR) from 2005 to 2019. Over China, there was a clear increase in the NO2 column during the first 5-year period and a subsequent decrease after 2010. Over the Republic of Korea and Japan, there was a continuous decline in the NO2 column over 15 years. Over the entire East Asia, a substantial increase in the HCHO column was identified during 2015\u20132019. Therefore, FNR increased over almost all of East Asia, especially during 2015\u20132019. This increasing trend in FNR indicated the gradual shift from a volatile organic compound (VOC)-sensitive to a nitrogen oxide (NOx)-sensitive regime. The long-term changes in HCHO and NO2 columns generally corresponded to anthropogenic non-methane VOC (NMVOC) and NOx emissions trends; however, anthropogenic sources did not explain the increasing HCHO column during 2015\u20132019. Because of the reduction in anthropogenic sources, the relative importance of biogenic NMVOC sources has been increasing and could have a larger impact on changing the O3-sensitive regime over East Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:05:41Z","timestamp":1663041941000},"page":"4512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Fifteen-Year Trends (2005\u20132019) in the Satellite-Derived Ozone-Sensitive Regime in East Asia: A Gradual Shift from VOC-Sensitive to NOx-Sensitive"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7567-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syuichi","family":"Itahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainable System Research Laboratory (SSRL), Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Irie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-8446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikari","family":"Shimadera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-574X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Chatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, M.Z. (2012). Air Pollution and Global Warming, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139109444"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Seinfeld, J.H., and Pandis, S.N. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics\u2014From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901011","article-title":"What controls tropospheric ozone?","volume":"105","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092666","article-title":"Global air quality and pollution","volume":"302","author":"Akimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12761","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-12761-2020","article-title":"Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3","volume":"20","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-14095-2018","article-title":"Trends in China\u2019s anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-2895-2021","article-title":"Changes in China\u2019s anthropogenic emissions and air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC2213.1","article-title":"Elevated ozone layers over the Seoul Metropolitan Region in Korea: Evidence for long-range ozone transport from eastern China and its contribution to surface concentration","volume":"49","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.10.067","article-title":"Analysis of the seasonal variation of ozone in the boundary layer in East Asia using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model: What controls surface ozone levels over Japan?","volume":"40","author":"Yamaji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23802","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041382","article-title":"Asian anthropogenic emissions and decadal trends in springtime tropospheric ozone over Japan: 1998\u20132007","volume":"36","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Let."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11305","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11305-2010","article-title":"The relative importance of various source regions on East Asian surface ozone","volume":"10","author":"Nagashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117255","article-title":"Identifying key factors influencing model performance on ground-level ozone over urban areas in Japan through model inter-comparisons","volume":"223","author":"Chatani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10311","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-10311-2020","article-title":"Comprehensive analyses of source sensitivities and apportionments of PM2.5 and ozone over Japan via multiple numerical techniques","volume":"20","author":"Chatani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2013.7.4.177","article-title":"Air pollution trends in Japan between 1970 and 2012 and impact of urban air pollution countermeasures","volume":"7\u20134","author":"Wakamatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD03224","article-title":"Total reactive nitrogen (NOy) as an indicator for the sensitivity of ozone to NOx and hydrocarbons","volume":"99","author":"Milford","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geohys. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3533","article-title":"The use of NOy, H2O2, and HNO3 as indicators for ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon sensitivity in urban locations","volume":"99","author":"Sillman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1021\/es020677h","article-title":"High-order, direct sensitivity analysis of multidimensional air quality models","volume":"37","author":"Hakami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1021\/es048664m","article-title":"Nonlinear response of ozone to emissions: Source apportionment and sensitivity analysis","volume":"39","author":"Cohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.06.006","article-title":"Decoupled direct sensitivity analysis of regional ozone pollution over the Pearl River Delta during the PRIDE-PRD2004 campaign","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.01.026","article-title":"Seasonal source contributions of tropospheric ozone over East Asia based on CMAQ-HDDM","volume":"70","author":"Itahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022117","article-title":"Comprehensive study of emission source contributions for tropospheric ozone formation over East Asia","volume":"120","author":"Itahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3397-2020","article-title":"Modeling stratospheric intrusion and trans-Pacific transport on tropospheric ozone using hemispheric CMAQ during April 2010\u2014Part 2: Examination of emission impacts based on the higher-order decoupled direct method","volume":"20","author":"Itahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L06120","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019416","article-title":"Space-based diagnosis of surface ozone sensitivity to anthropogenic emissions","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.03.010","article-title":"Application of OMI observations to a space-based indicator of NOx and VOC controls on surface ozone formation","volume":"44","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025663","article-title":"Remote sensing evidence of decadal changes in major tropospheric ozone precursors over East Asia","volume":"122","author":"Souri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geohys. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7229","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023250","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of ozone sensitivity over China observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument","volume":"120","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10439","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026720","article-title":"Evaluating a space-based indicator of surface ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivity over Midlatitude source regions and application to decadal trends","volume":"122","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-7253-2021","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes of the ozone sensitivity in China based on satellite and ground-based observations","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., Chang, L.-S., Jaffe, D.A., Bak, J., Liu, X., Gonz\u00e1les Abad, G., Jo, H.-Y., Jo, Y.-J., Lee, J.-B., and Kim, C.-H. (2021). Ozone continues to increase in East Asia despite decreasing NO2: Causes and abatements. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112177"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-019-00720-w","article-title":"Modeling study on the spatial variation of the sensitivity of photochemical ozone concentrations and population exposure to VOC emission reduction in Japan","volume":"12","author":"Inoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117972","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown, Spring Festival, and meteorology on the NO2 variations in early 20020 over China based on in-situ observations, satellite retrievals and model simulations","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc2992","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc2992","article-title":"Abrupt decline in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China after the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0883-0","article-title":"Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Forster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf7460","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf7460","article-title":"Global tropospheric ozone responses to reduced NOx emissions linked to the COVID-19 worldwide lockdowns","volume":"7","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09388-2","article-title":"Returning long-range PM2.5 transport into the leeward of East Asia in 2021 after Chinese economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Itahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2016-035","article-title":"Turnaround of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide pollution trends in China, Japan, and South Korea","volume":"12","author":"Irie","year":"2016","journal-title":"SOLA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124020","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4d7f","article-title":"Inverse estimation of NOx emissions over China and India 2005\u20132016: Contrasting recent trends and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Itahashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115004","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac2c34","article-title":"Urban NOx emissions around the world declined faster than anticipated between 2005 and 2019","volume":"16","author":"Goldberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Krotkov, N.A., Lamsal, L.N., Marchenko, S.V., Celarier, E.A., Bucsela, E.J., Swartz, W.H., Joiner, J., and OMI Core Team (2022, February 28). OMI\/Aura NO2 Cloud-Screened Total and Tropospheric Column L3 Global Gridded 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V3, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), Available online: https:\/\/disc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/datasets\/OMNO2d_003\/summary."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-19-2015","article-title":"Updated Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Ozone Monitoring Instrument (SAO OMI) formaldehyde retrieval","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073859","article-title":"Long-term (2005\u20132014) trends in formaldehyde (HCHO) columns across North America as seen by the OMI satellite instrument: Evidence of changing emissions of volatile organic compounds","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-2765-2019","article-title":"Towards a satellite formaldehyde\u2014In situ hybrid estimate for organic aerosol abundance","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Chance, K. (2022, February 28). OMI\/Aura Formaldehyde (HCHO) Total Column Daily L3 Weighted Mean Global 0.1deg Lat\/Lon Grid V003, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), Available online: https:\/\/disc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/datasets\/OMHCHOd_003\/summary."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.09.007","article-title":"Anthropogenic sulphur dioxide load over China as observed from different satellite sensors","volume":"145","author":"Koukouli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-2835-2018","article-title":"A 15-year record (2001\u20132015) of the ratio of nitrate to non-seasalt sulfate in precipitation over East Asia","volume":"18","author":"Itahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-14-251-2022","article-title":"High-resolution biogenic global emission inventory for the time period 2000\u20132019 for air quality modeling","volume":"14","author":"Sindelarova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-5-1471-2012","article-title":"The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): An extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions","volume":"5","author":"Guenther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"L18808","article-title":"Trend detection in satellite observations of formaldehyde tropospheric column","volume":"37","author":"Stavrakou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4145-2013","article-title":"Long-term changes of tropospheric NO2 over megacities derived from multiple satellite instruments","volume":"13","author":"Hilboll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-3623-2014","article-title":"Regional modeling of tropospheric NO2 vertical column density over East Asia during the period 2000\u20132010: Comparison with multisatellite observation","volume":"14","author":"Itahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-1775-2017","article-title":"Cleaning up the air: Effectiveness of air quality policy for SO2 and NOx emissions in China","volume":"17","author":"Mijling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-6207-2016","article-title":"Rapid growth in nitrogen dioxide pollution over Western China, 2005\u20132013","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4468","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082172","article-title":"The 2005\u20132016 trends of formaldehyde columns over China observed by satellites: Increasing anthropogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds and decreasing agricultural fire emissions","volume":"46","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-2351-2022","article-title":"Enhanced summertime ozone and SOA from biogenic volatile organinc compound (BVOC) emissions due to vegetation biomass variablity during 1981\u20132018 in China","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-4705-2022","article-title":"North China Plain as a hot spot of ozone pollution exacerbated by extreme high temperatures","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12195","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-12195-2019","article-title":"Substantial ozone enhancement over the North China Plain from increased biogenic emissions due to heat waves and land cover in summer 2017","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5729-2020","article-title":"Dynamic projection of anthropogenic emissions in China: Methodology and 2015\u20132050 emission pathways under a range of socio-economic, climate policy, and pollution control strategy","volume":"20","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151722","article-title":"Unveiling the dipole synergic effect of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions on ozone concentrations","volume":"818","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-6141-2020","article-title":"Validation of tropospheric NO2 column measurements of GOME-2A and OMI using MAX-DOAS and direct sun network observations","volume":"13","author":"Pinardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Yu, C., Zhu, S., Cheng, L., Zhang, Y., and Chen, L. (2019). Validation of OMI HCHO products using MAX-DOAS observations from 2010 to 2016 in Xianghe, Beijing: Investigation of the effects of aerosols on satellite products. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020203"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12561","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-12561-2021","article-title":"Comparative assessment of TROPOMI and OMI formaldehyde observations and validation against MAX-DOAS network column measurements","volume":"21","author":"Pinardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2011.07.0102","article-title":"Analyses of the ozone weekend effect in Tokyo, Japan: Regime of oxidant (O3 + NO2) Production","volume":"12","author":"Sadanaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-021-00424-9","article-title":"Continuous multi-component MAX-DOAS observations for the planetary boundary layer ozone variation analysis at Chiba and Tsukuba, Japan, from 2013 to 2019","volume":"8","author":"Irie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-022-00474-7","article-title":"Surface and aloft NO2 pollution over the greater Tokyo area observed by ground-based and MAX-DOAS measurements bridged by kilometer-scale regional air quality modeling","volume":"9","author":"Itahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117341","article-title":"Revisiting the effectiveness of HCHO\/NO2 ratios for inferring ozone sensitivity to its precursors using high resolution airborne remote sensing observations in a high ozone episode during the KORUS-AQ campaign","volume":"224","author":"Souri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8885","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026781","article-title":"New insights into the column CH2O\/NO2 ratio as an indicator of near-surface ozone sensitivity","volume":"122","author":"Schroeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.388","article-title":"Aggravating O3 pollution due to NOx emission control in eastern China","volume":"677","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., Chang, L.-S., Jaffe, D.A., Bak, J., Liu, X., Gonz\u00e1les Abad, G., Jo, H.-Y., Jo, Y.-J., Lee, J.-B., and Yang, G.-H. (2022). Satellite-based diagnosis and numerical verification of ozone formation regimes over nine megacities in East Asia. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051285"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL092816","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092816","article-title":"Chinese regulations are working\u2014Why is surface ozone over industrialized areas still high? Applying lessons from northeast US air quality evolution","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119033","article-title":"Rethinking of the adverse effects of NOx-control on the reduction of methane and tropospheric ozone\u2014Challenges toward a denitrified society","volume":"277","author":"Akimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:28:30Z","timestamp":1760142510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14184512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14184512","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]}}}