{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:40:23Z","timestamp":1780940423979,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC Discovery program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-05780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC Discovery program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FR60300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR60300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Northern Hardwoods Research Institute Inc. (NHRI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-05780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-05780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Northern Hardwoods Research Institute Inc. (NHRI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FR60300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR60300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems that use simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology to map their environment opens up new opportunities for characterizing forest structure. The speed and accuracy of data acquisition makes them particularly adapted to operational inventories. MLS also shows great potential for estimating inventory attributes that are difficult to measure in the field, such as wood volume or crown dimensions. Hardwood species represent a significant challenge for wood volume estimation compared to softwoods because a substantial portion of the volume is included in the crown, making them more prone to allometric bias and more complex to model. This study assessed the potential of MLS data to estimate tree structural attributes in a temperate hardwood stand: height, crown dimensions, diameter at breast height (DBH), and merchantable wood volume. Merchantable wood volume estimates were evaluated to the third branching order using the quantitative structural modeling (QSM) approach. Destructive field measurements and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data of 26 hardwood trees were used as reference to quantify errors on wood volume and inventory attribute estimations from MLS data. Results reveal that SLAM-based MLS systems provided accurate estimates of tree height (RMSE = 0.42 m (1.78%), R2 = 0.93), crown projected area (RMSE = 3.23 m2 (5.75%), R2 = 0.99), crown volume (RMSE = 71.4 m3 (23.38%), R2 = 0.99), DBH (RMSE = 1.21 cm (3.07%), R2 = 0.99), and merchantable wood volume (RMSE = 0.39 m3 (18.57%), R2 = 0.95), when compared to TLS. They also estimated operational merchantable volume with good accuracy (RMSE = 0.42 m3 (21.82%), R2 = 0.94) compared to destructive measurements. Finally, the merchantable stem volume derived from MLS data was estimated with high accuracy compared to TLS (RMSE = 0.11 m3 (8.32%), R2 = 0.96) and regional stem taper models (RMSE = 0.16 m3 (14.7%), R2 = 0.93). We expect our results would provide a better understanding of the potential of SLAM-based MLS systems to support in-situ forest inventory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:05:41Z","timestamp":1663041941000},"page":"4522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Mobile Laser Scanning for Estimating Tree Structural Attributes in a Temperate Hardwood Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6142-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastien","family":"Vandendaele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9omatique Appliqu\u00e9e, Centre d\u2019Applications et de Recherches en T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection (CARTEL), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 2500, Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"},{"name":"TERRA Teaching and Research Center\u2014Forest Is Life, Uli\u00e8ge\u2014Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des D\u00e9port\u00e9s 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3795-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Martin-Ducup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, botAnique et Mod\u00e9lisation de l\u2019Architecture des Plantes et des V\u00e9g\u00e9tations, TA A51\/PS2, CEDEX 05, 34398 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9omatique Appliqu\u00e9e, Centre d\u2019Applications et de Recherches en T\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection (CARTEL), Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke, 2500, Boulevard de l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetan","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Hardwoods Research Institute Inc., 165 Boulevard H\u00e9bert, Edmundston, NB E3V 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9987-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Lejeune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TERRA Teaching and Research Center\u2014Forest Is Life, Uli\u00e8ge\u2014Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des D\u00e9port\u00e9s 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luoma, V., Saarinen, N., Wulder, M.A., White, J.C., Vastaranta, M., Holopainen, M., and Hyypp\u00e4, J. (2017). Assessing Precision in Conventional Field Measurements of Individual Tree Attributes. Forests, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/f8020038"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"The Changing Culture of Silviculture","volume":"95","author":"Achim","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Int. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"34","article-title":"Effects of Uncertainty in Model Predictions of Individual Tree Volume on Large Area Volume Estimates","volume":"60","author":"McRoberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-007-0168-4","article-title":"Generalized Allometric Volume and Biomass Equations for Some Tree Species in Europe","volume":"126","author":"Muukkonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.08.016","article-title":"Tamm Review: On the Strength of Evidence When Comparing Ecosystem Functions of Mixtures with Monocultures","volume":"356","author":"Forrester","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13021-020-00143-6","article-title":"Variability and Uncertainty in Forest Biomass Estimates from the Tree to Landscape Scale: The Role of Allometric Equations","volume":"15","author":"Vorster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon Balance Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112102","article-title":"Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Forest Ecology: Expanding the Horizon","volume":"251","author":"Calders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.04.030","article-title":"Data Acquisition Considerations for Terrestrial Laser Scanning of Forest Plots","volume":"196","author":"Wilkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020491","article-title":"Fast Automatic Precision Tree Models from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data","volume":"5","author":"Raumonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.3390\/f6114245","article-title":"SimpleTree\u2014An Efficient Open Source Tool to Build Tree Models from TLS Clouds","volume":"6","author":"Hackenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.10550","article-title":"Volumetric Overestimation of Small Branches in 3D Reconstructions of Fraxinus Excelsior","volume":"56","author":"Demol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Silva. Fennica."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201458","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201458","article-title":"New Insights into Large Tropical Tree Mass and Structure from Direct Harvest and Terrestrial Lidar","volume":"8","author":"Burt","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.021","article-title":"International Benchmarking of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Approaches for Forest Inventories","volume":"144","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.04.019","article-title":"In-Situ Measurements from Mobile Platforms: An Emerging Approach to Address the Old Challenges Associated with Forest Inventories","volume":"143","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1964617","article-title":"Mobile 3D Scan LiDAR: A Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Chiappini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2297418","article-title":"The Use of a Mobile Laser Scanning System for Mapping Large Forest Plots","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"165","article-title":"Hand-Held Personal Laser Scanning\u2014Current Status and Perspectives for Forest Inventory Application","volume":"42","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabo, C., del Pozo, S., Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lvez, P., Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, C., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera, D. (2018). Comparing Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Wearable Laser Scanning (WLS) for Individual Tree Modeling at Plot Level. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040540"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley, R.J.L., Jayathunga, S., Massam, P.D., de Silva, D., Estarija, H.J., Davidson, S.J., Wuraola, A., and Pearse, G.D. (2022). Assessing the Potential of Backpack-Mounted Mobile Laser Scanning Systems for Tree Phenotyping. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143344"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donager, J.J., S\u00e1nchez Meador, A.J., and Blackburn, R.C. (2021). Adjudicating Perspectives on Forest Structure: How Do Airborne, Terrestrial, and Mobile Lidar-Derived Estimates Compare?. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122297"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauwens, S., Bartholomeus, H., Calders, K., and Lejeune, P. (2016). Forest Inventory with Terrestrial LiDAR: A Comparison of Static and Hand-Held Mobile Laser Scanning. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7060127"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Liu, H., Feng, Z., Shen, C., and Chen, P. (2019). Applicability of Personal Laser Scanning in Forestry Inventory. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211392"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Potter, T.L. (2019). Mobile Laser Scanning in Forests: Mapping Beneath the Canopy. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leicester]. Available online: https:\/\/leicester.figshare.com\/articles\/thesis\/Mobile_laser_scanning_in_forests_Mapping_beneath_the_canopy\/11322848."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203327","article-title":"Comparison of Backpack, Handheld, under-Canopy UAV, and above-Canopy UAV Laser Scanning for Field Reference Data Collection in Boreal Forests","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkin, J., Coops, N.C., Daniels, L.D., and Plowright, A. (2021). Estimation of Vertical Fuel Layers in Tree Crowns Using High Density Lidar Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224598"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni\u021b\u0103, M.D. (2021). Testing Forestry Digital Twinning Workflow Based on Mobile Lidar Scanner and Ai Platform. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12111576"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcab087","article-title":"Automatic Extraction and Measurement of Individual Trees from Mobile Laser Scanning Point Clouds of Forests","volume":"128","author":"Bienert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., Zhang, W., Shao, J., Wan, P., Cheng, S., Cai, S., and Yan, G. (2022, August 02). Estimation of Larch Growth at the Stem, Crown and Branch Levels Using Ground-Based LiDAR Point Cloud. Available online: https:\/\/assets.researchsquare.com\/files\/rs-910503\/v1_covered.pdf?c=1632840255.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-910503\/v1"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zelazny, V.F., New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, and New Brunswick Ecosystem Classsification Working Group (2007). Our Landscape Heritage: The Story of Ecological Land Classification in New Brunswick = Notre Patrimoine Du Paysage, l\u2019histoire de La Classification \u00c9cologique Des Terres Au Nouveau-Brunswick."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Colpitts, M.C., Fahmy, S.H., MacDougall, J.E., Ng, T.T.M., McInnis, B.G., and Zelazny, V.F. (1995). Forest Soils of New Brunswick. CLBRR contribution No. 95-38, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandendaele, B., Fournier, R.A., Vepakomma, U., Pelletier, G., Lejeune, P., and Martin-ducup, O. (2021). Estimation of Northern Hardwood Forest Inventory Attributes Using Uav Laser Scanning (Uls): Transferability of Laser Scanning Methods and Comparison of Automated Approaches at the Tree- and Stand-level. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142796"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, December 20). CloudCompare, Available online: http:\/\/www.Cloudcompare.Org\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-Project.Org\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, R., Calama, R., and Martin-Ducup, O. (2020). Understanding Tree-to-Tree Variations in Stone Pine (Pinus Pinea l.) Cone Production Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010173"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gama, J., and Chernov, N. (2022, April 15). Conicfit: Algorithms for Fitting Circles, Ellipses and Conics Based on the Work by Prof. Nikolai Chernov. R Package Version 1.0.4. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-Project.Org\/Package=conicfit."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcx095","article-title":"Exploring Trees in Three Dimensions: VoxR, a Novel Voxel-Based R Package Dedicated to Analysing the Complex Arrangement of Tree Crowns","volume":"121","author":"Lecigne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcab051","article-title":"Evaluation of Automated Pipelines for Tree and Plot Metric Estimation from TLS Data in Tropical Forest Areas","volume":"128","author":"Mofack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Martin-Ducup, O., and Lecigne, B. (2022, April 20). ARchi: Quantitative Structural Model (\u2018QSM\u2019) Treatment for Tree Architecture. R Package Version 2.1.0. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-Project.Org\/Package=aRchi."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5849\/njaf.10-037","article-title":"Regional Stem Taper Equations for Eleven Conifer Species in the Acadian Region of North America: Development and Assessment","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"North. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Weiskittel, A., and Li, R. (2012). Development of Regional Taper and Volume Equations: Hardwood Species, DendroMetrics, LLC."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bruce, D., and Schumacher, F.X. (1950). Forest Mensuration, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollob, C., Ritter, T., and Nothdurft, A. (2020). Forest Inventory with Long Range and High-Speed Personal Laser Scanning (PLS) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Technology. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091509"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Perugia, B., Giannetti, F., Chirici, G., and Travaglini, D. (2019). Influence of Scan Density on the Estimation of Single-Tree Attributes by Hand-Held Mobile Laser Scanning. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10030277"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oveland, I., Hauglin, M., Gobakken, T., N\u00e6sset, E., and Maalen-Johansen, I. (2017). Automatic Estimation of Tree Position and Stem Diameter Using a Moving Terrestrial Laser Scanner. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040350"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witzmann, S., Matitz, L., Gollob, C., Ritter, T., Kra\u00dfnitzer, R., Tockner, A., Stampfer, K., and Nothdurft, A. (2022). Accuracy and Precision of Stem Cross-Section Modeling in 3D Point Clouds from TLS and Caliper Measurements for Basal Area Estimation. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081923"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1482733","article-title":"Integrating Terrestrial and Airborne Laser Scanning for the Assessment of Single-Tree Attributes in Mediterranean Forest Stands","volume":"51","author":"Giannetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.09.014","article-title":"Is Field-Measured Tree Height as Reliable as Believed\u2014Part II, A Comparison Study of Tree Height Estimates from Conventional Field Measurement and Low-Cost Close-Range Remote Sensing in a Deciduous Forest","volume":"169","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.018","article-title":"Accurate Derivation of Stem Curve and Volume Using Backpack Mobile Laser Scanning","volume":"161","author":"Kukko","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bienert, A., Georgi, L., Kunz, M., Maas, H.G., and von Oheimb, G. (2018). Comparison and Combination of Mobile and Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Natural Forest Inventories. Forests, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9070395"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcab110","article-title":"Forest Above-Ground Volume Assessments with Terrestrial Laser Scanning: A Ground-Truth Validation Experiment in Temperate, Managed Forests","volume":"128","author":"Demol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8153","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3037763","article-title":"Impact of Beam Diameter and Scanning Approach on Point Cloud Quality of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Forests","volume":"59","author":"Abegg","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcab111","article-title":"Terrestrial Laser Scanning: A New Standard of Forest Measuring and Modelling?","volume":"128","author":"Kaitaniemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-8-117-2016","article-title":"The Effect of Wind on Tree Stem Parameter Estimation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"III-8","author":"Vaaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, S., Lindenbergh, R., Ledoux, H., Stoter, J., and Nan, L. (2019). AdTree: Accurate, Detailed, and Automatic Modelling of Laser-Scanned Trees. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201907.0058.v2"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:28:50Z","timestamp":1760142530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14184522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14184522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]}}}