{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:44:34Z","timestamp":1776314674445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42072305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42072305"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41877274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877274"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41831293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41831293"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The backfill mining method transports treated tailings to the mined-out area, which not only improves the surrounding environment of the mine but also enables the mined-out area to continue mining and production under the support of the filling body. However, with the growth in the depth and scale of mining, ground subsidence, and backfill deformation are becoming increasingly serious problems. As an example, in the Jinchuan mine, a typical multi-stage filling mining mine in China, the deformation law of surface rock mass and backfill are studied through a method combining field monitoring and numerical simulation. The major findings are as follows: (a) A settlement funnel is formed on the ground, and its radius gradually expands with continuous mining and filling. The location of the settlement center moves toward the surface above the footwall of the ore body, and the maximum subsidence reaches 739 mm in 14.5 years. (b) Three-section mining significantly affects the surface deformation, and the single subsidence center on the upper wall develops into the double subsidence center with the mining and filling. When the three-section mining is finished, the maximum value of the surface subsidence reaches about 1.35 m and the mining area is still in a relatively stable state. (c) The whole filling body presents obvious subsidence, with the development of the multi-stage mining and filling. Bed separation phenomena are found between the filling layers, and the closer to the interior, the more obvious it becomes. The backfill\u2019s subsidence characteristics are similar to the surface\u2019s; that is, both the subsidence amount and speed are higher on the hanging wall than on the footwall. (d) The backfill mainly shrinks inward in the horizontal direction, and the deformation is mainly manifested as an internal uplift and an external subsidence in the vertical direction. The mass instability of the backfill is difficult because of the insufficient deformation space, and the influence of large-scale deformation on the mining and overlying strata needs to be considered, as well as the local deformation near the rock contact zone surrounding the backfill. The results provide technical support for filling mining in the Jinchuan mine and provide a reference for other projects with similar engineering conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T04:05:41Z","timestamp":1663041941000},"page":"4555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Case Study on Ground Subsidence and Backfill Deformation Induced by Multi-Stage Filling Mining in a Steeply Inclined Ore Body"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Fengshan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Wang, Z., Ma, F., Guo, J., Liu, J., and Song, Y. (2022). A case study on deformation failure characteristics of overlying strata and critical mining upper limit in submarine mining. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14162465"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Ma, F., Guo, J., and Zhao, H. (2020). Deformation Characteristics and Control Method of Kilometer-Depth Roadways in a Nickel Mine: A Case Study. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113937"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Ma, F., Li, G., Guo, J., Wan, Y., and Song, Y. (2022). Evolution Assessment of Mining Subsidence Characteristics Using SBAS and PS Interferometry in Sanshandao Gold Mine, China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14020290"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2016.05.009","article-title":"Strata behavior in extra-thick coal seam mining with upward slicing backfilling technology","volume":"26","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Zheng, J., Guo, L., and Zhao, Y. (2021). Effect of gypsum addition on the mechanical and microstructural performance of sulphide-rich cemented paste backfill. Minerals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11030283"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-017-1374-0","article-title":"Investigation of the Mechanism of Roof Caving in the Jinchuan Nickel Mine, China","volume":"51","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Q., Guo, G., Li, H., and Gong, Y. (2022). Spatio-Temporal Evolution Law of Surface Subsidence Basin with Insufficient Exploitation of Deep Coal Resources in Aeolian Sand Area of Western China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112536"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062739149060105","article-title":"Monitoring rock mass transformation under induced movements","volume":"49","author":"Usanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2007.01.001","article-title":"Advanced D In SAR analysis on mining areas: La Union case study (Murcia, SE Spain)","volume":"90","author":"Herrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.07.014","article-title":"An integrated approach for the prediction of subsidence for coal mining basins","volume":"166","author":"Unlu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2011.07.008","article-title":"Quantitative prediction of mining subsidence and its impact on the environment","volume":"22","author":"Jianjun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-016-0877-3","article-title":"A new methodology for studying the spreading process of mining subsidence in rock mass and alluvial soil: An example from the Huainan coal mine, China","volume":"75","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.12.003","article-title":"The new three-dimensional subsidence influence function denoted by n-k-g","volume":"42","author":"Nicieza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-009-9134-1","article-title":"Computation of influence functions for automatic mining subsidence prediction","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1513-9","article-title":"Ground movement resulting from underground backfill mining in a nickel mine (Gansu Province, China)","volume":"77","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statistical analysis of rockfall volume distributions: Implications for rockfall dynamics","volume":"108","author":"Dussauge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1235.2012.00082","article-title":"GPS monitoring and analysis of ground movement and deformation induced by transition from open-pit to underground mining","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nan, S., Li, W., Guan, W., Liu, H., Zhao, H., Wen, Y., and Yao, J. (2021). Research on the Rapid Strengthening Mechanism of Microwave Field-Controlled Gypsum-Cemented Analog Materials. Minerals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/min11121348"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Feng, M., Chen, Z., Mao, X., Han, G., and Wang, Y. (2018). Particle size distribution effects on the strength characteristic of cemented paste backfill. Minerals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/min8080322"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v115\/i10\/1970-1977","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of ground subsidence and backfill stress distribution in Jinchuan Mine, China","volume":"115","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2013.04.002","article-title":"Deformation mechanism of roadways in deep soft rock at Hegang Xing\u2019an coalmine","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2015.02.016","article-title":"Floor heave characteristics and control technology of the roadway driven in deep inclined-strata","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2013.05.017","article-title":"Anchoring mechanism and application of hydraulic expansion bolts used in soft rock roadway floor heave control","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-1877-7","article-title":"Monitoring and mechanisms of ground deformation and ground fissures induced by cut-and-fill mining in the Jinchuan Mine 2, China","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.03.003","article-title":"Effect of inundation on shear strength characteristics of mudstone backfill","volume":"158","author":"Haslinda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2013.01.015","article-title":"Empirical investigation and characterization of surface subsidence related to block cave mining","volume":"61","author":"Woo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2017.10.006","article-title":"Prediction of mininginduced surface and ground movements at a Canadian diamond mine using an elastoplastic finite element model","volume":"100","author":"Mohammadali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.197","article-title":"Oil shale ash based backfilling concrete-strength development, mineral transformations and leachability","volume":"102","author":"Uibu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.09.006","article-title":"Time and damage induced changes in the chemical reactivity of cemented paste backfill","volume":"4","author":"Aldhafeeri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"421","article-title":"Numerical modeling of large deformation and nonlinear frictional contact of excavation boundary of deep soft rock tunnel","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105262","article-title":"Study on deformation failure mechanism and support technology of deep soft rock roadway","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-022-10364-2","article-title":"Experimental research on deformation failure process of roadway tunnel in fractured rock mass induced by mining excavation","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.04.021","article-title":"Key technology research on the efficient exploitation and comprehensive utilization of resources in the deep Jinchuan nickel deposit","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Ma, F.S., Guo, J., and Zhao, H. (2021). Case study of roadway deformation failure mechanisms: Field investigation and numerical simulation. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14041032"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Ma, F., Liu, G., Zhao, H., and Guo, J. (2019). A Strain-Softening Constitutive Model of Heterogeneous Rock Mass Considering Statistical Damage and Its Application in Numerical Modeling of Deep Roadways. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11082399"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Fan, G., Zhang, D., Fan, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, W., and Yao, N. (2022). Numerical Simulation of Crack Initiation and Propagation Evolution Law of Hydraulic Fracturing Holes in Coal Seams Considering Permeability Anisotropy and Damage. Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12040494"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4555\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:29:55Z","timestamp":1760142595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14184555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14184555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]}}}