{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T09:40:12Z","timestamp":1773740412057,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The atmospheric boundary layer height (zi) is a key parameter in the vertical transport of mass, energy, moisture, and chemical species between the surface and the free atmosphere. There is a lack of long-term and continuous observations of zi, however, particularly for remote regions, such as the Amazon forest. Reanalysis products, such as ERA5, can fill this gap by providing temporally and spatially resolved information on zi. In this work, we evaluate the ERA5 estimates of zi (zi-ERA5) for two locations in the Amazon and corrected them by means of ceilometer, radiosondes, and SODAR measurements (zi-experimental). The experimental data were obtained at the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) with its pristine tropical forest cover and the T3 site downwind of the city of Manaus with a mixture of forest (63%), pasture (17%), and rivers (20%). We focus on the rather typical year 2014 and the El Ni\u00f1o year 2015. The comparison of the experimental vs. ERA5 zi data yielded the following results: (i) zi-ERA5 underestimates zi-experimental daytime at the T3 site for both years 2014 (30%, underestimate) and 2015 (15%, underestimate); (ii) zi-ERA5 overestimates zi-experimental daytime at ATTO site (12%, overestimate); (iii) during nighttime, no significant correlation between the zi-experimental and zi-ERA5 was observed. Based on these findings, we propose a correction for the daytime zi-ERA5, for both sites and for both years, which yields a better agreement between experimental and ERA5 data. These results and corrections are relevant for studies at ATTO and the T3 site and can likely also be applied at further locations in the Amazon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"4561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4783-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9o Quaresma","family":"Dias-J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Federal Institute of Par\u00e1 (IFPA), Av. Almirante Barroso, Bel\u00e9m 66093-020, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayonil Gomes","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6668-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Fisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Science Division, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Taubat\u00e9 (UNITAU), Estrada Municipal Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds Cembraneli, Taubat\u00e9 12080-000, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1123-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Augusto F.","family":"D\u2019Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1 (PPGCA-UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1745-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"S\u00f6rgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Bot\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoell-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-1706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Augusto T.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physics, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Rua do Mat\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4524-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Maria N. dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Meteorology, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Av. Darcy Vargas, Manaus 69050-020, AM, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6958-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"P\u00f6hlker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Garratt, J.R. (1992). The Atmospheric Boundary Layer\u2014Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Stull, R.B. (2012). An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-8252(94)90026-4","article-title":"The atmospheric boundary layer","volume":"37","author":"Garratt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. 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