{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T14:26:23Z","timestamp":1771079183608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rain type classification into convective and stratiform is an essential step required to improve quantitative precipitation estimations by remote sensing instruments. Previous studies with Micro Rain Radar (MRR) measurements and subjective rules have been performed to classify rain events. However, automating this process by using machine learning (ML) models provides the advantages of fast and reliable classification with the possibility to classify rain minute by minute. A total of 20,979 min of rain data measured by an MRR at Das in northeast Spain were used to build seven types of ML models for stratiform and convective rain type classification. The proposed classification models use a set of 22 parameters that summarize the reflectivity, the Doppler velocity, and the spectral width (SW) above and below the so-called separation level (SL). This level is defined as the level with the highest increase in Doppler velocity and corresponds with the bright band in stratiform rain. A pre-classification of the rain type for each minute based on the rain microstructure provided by the collocated disdrometer was performed. Our results indicate that complex ML models, particularly tree-based ensembles such as xgboost and random forest which capture the interactions of different features, perform better than simpler models. Applying methods from the field of interpretable ML, we identified reflectivity at the lowest layer and the average spectral width in the layers below SL as the most important features. High reflectivity and low SW values indicate a higher probability of convective rain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"4563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Stratiform and Convective Rain Classification Using Machine Learning Models and Micro Rain Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wael","family":"Ghada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management\u2014Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"}]},{"given":"Enric","family":"Casellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Meteorological Service of Catalonia, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Herbinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80539 Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Garcia-Benad\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SARTI, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, 08800 Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Bothmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80539 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1028-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management\u2014Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Menzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management\u2014Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstra\u00dfe 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-17-0242.1","article-title":"Primary Modes of Global Drop Size Distributions","volume":"75","author":"Dolan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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