{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:09:10Z","timestamp":1760231350024,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41874043","42004028","41704037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41874043","42004028","41704037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The radio determination service system (RDSS), a navigation and positioning system independently developed by China, features services such as short-message communication, position reporting, and international search and rescue. The L-band pseudo-range and phase data are the primary data sources in precise orbit determination (POD) for geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite in the BeiDou system, especially in the orbit manoeuvre period. These data are the only data sources in the POD for GEOs. However, when the pseudo-range and phase data is abnormal due to unforeseen reasons, such as satellite hardware failure or monitoring receiver abnormalities, the data abnormality leads to orbit determination abnormalities or even failures for GEOs, then the service performance and availability of the RDSS system are greatly degraded. Therefore, a new POD method for GEOs based on BeiDou short-message communication ranging data has gained research attention to improve the service reliability of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS)-3, realising the deep integration of communication and navigation services of the BDS. This problem has not been addressed so far. Therefore, in this study, a new POD method for GEO satellites is investigated using high-precision satellite laser ranging (SLR) data and RDSS data. The SLR data are used as the benchmark to calibrate the time delay value of RDSS equipment, and RDSS data are only used in the orbit determination process by fixing the corrected RDSS time delay value, and the satellite orbit parameters and dynamic parameters are solved. Experimental analysis is conducted using the measured SLR and RDSS data of the BDS, and the orbit accuracy in this paper is evaluated by the precise ephemeris of the Multi-GNSS pilot project (MGEX) and SLR data. The results show that the orbit accuracy in the orbital arc and the 2-h orbital prediction arc for GEOs are 6.01 m and 6.99 m, respectively, compared with the ephemeris of MGEX, and the short-arc orbit accuracy after 4 h of manoeuvring is 11.11 m. The orbit accuracy in the radial component by SLR data is 0.54 m. The required orbit accuracy for GEO satellites in the RDSS service of the BDS-3 is 15 m. The orbit accuracy achieved in this paper is superior to that of this technical index. This method expands the application field of the RDSS data and greatly enriches the POD method for GEOs. It can be adopted as a backup technology for the POD method for GEOs based on RNSS data, significantly improving the service reliability of the BeiDou RDSS service.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T01:35:10Z","timestamp":1663292110000},"page":"4602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["New Orbit Determination Method for GEO Satellites Based on BeiDou Short-Message Communication Ranging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for Space Positioning and Navigation, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for Space Positioning and Navigation, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2470-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Top Communication Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Jinglei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-019-0006-0","article-title":"Basic performance and future developments of BeiDou global navigation satellite system","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Satell. Navig."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"831","article-title":"Comparison and analysis of two orbit determination methods for BDS-3 satellites","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.291","article-title":"Introduction to BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Navig. J. Inst. Navig."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Innovative development and forecast of BeiDou system","volume":"46","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Et Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Tan, S. (2011). The Engineering of Satellite Navigation and Positioning, National Defense Industry Press."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Tan, S. (2011). The Comprehensive RDSS Global Position and Report System, National Defense Industry Press."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Theory and application of comprehensive RDSS position and report","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of general aviation emergency communication, surveillance and rescue service system based on RDSS","volume":"1","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Navig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"089501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-015-5675-6","article-title":"Orbit determination and prediction for Beidou GEO satellites at the time of the spring\/autumn equinox","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.06.038","article-title":"Construction of a BDSPHERE solar radiation pressure model for BeiDou GEOs at vernal and autumn equinox periods","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-011-4342-9","article-title":"Orbit Determination and Time Synchronization for a GEO\/IGSO Satellite Navigation Constellation with Regional Tracking Network","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2016.06.007","article-title":"Improvement of orbit determination accuracy for Beidou Navigation Satellite System with Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer","volume":"58","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-019-1468-9","article-title":"SIS accuracy and service performance of the BDS-3 basic system","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463319000523","article-title":"Inter-Satellite Link Enhanced Orbit Determination for BeiDou-3","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhu, Y., Zheng, K., Yuan, Y., Liu, G., and Xiong, Y. (2020). Precise orbit and clock products of Galileo, BDS and QZSS from MGEX since 2018: Comparison and PPP validation. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091415"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-019-0928-x","article-title":"Initial assessment of BDS-3 preliminary system signal-in-space range error","volume":"24","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.295","article-title":"The contribution of intersatellite links to BDS-3 orbit determination: Model refinement and comparisons","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-014-0346-y","article-title":"High-precision orbit prediction and error control techniques for COMPASS navigation satellite","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"019510","DOI":"10.1360\/SSPMA-2020-0233","article-title":"Precision analysis of BDS-3 GEO satellite orbit determination using RDSS","volume":"51","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1017\/S0373463318000103","article-title":"Orbit and Positioning Accuracy for the New Generation Beidou Satellites during the Earth Eclipsing Period","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-013-5314-z","article-title":"Analysis of RDSS positioning accuracy based on RNSS wide area differential technique","volume":"56","author":"Xing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"15","article-title":"Research on the method of satellite selecting in BDS TDOA position reporting","volume":"2","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Navig. Position."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"114","article-title":"A Beidou RDSS positioning model and its error analysis without elevation","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Softw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.08.012","article-title":"A new time delay calibration method to improve the service performance of RDSS in the BDS","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"95","article-title":"Research on key techniques of the Beidou RDSS receiver test system","volume":"36","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Astronaut. Metrol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"18","article-title":"Research on EIRP calibration method of RDSS closed-loop test system","volume":"36","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foreign Electron. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0390-8","article-title":"Broadcast versus precise ephemerides: A multi-GNSS perspective","volume":"19","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2015","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-013-0625-4","article-title":"Orbit and clock analysis of Compass GEO and IGSO satellites","volume":"87","author":"Steigenberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2017.01.011","article-title":"The Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS)\u2013achievements, prospects and challenges","volume":"59","author":"Montenbruck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:31:45Z","timestamp":1760142705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14184602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14184602","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]}}}