{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:41:48Z","timestamp":1783698108021,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["2019QZKK0402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0402"]}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)","award":["42071238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071238"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019QZKK0402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>National nature reserves (NNRs) are at the forefront of conservation efforts on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau (QTP). However, few studies have examined the vegetation dynamics and their driving forces at the whole QTP scale. In this study, we used potential Net Primary Productivity (PNPP), actual NPP (ANPP), and human-activity-induced NPP (HNPP) to analyze the vegetation dynamics of 42 NNRs on the QTP. Further, we determined the driving factors of vegetation dynamics from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that, during the 21 years studied, ANPP increased at 83.4% of the NNRs area on the QTP. Additionally, the contributions of climate change and anthropogenic factors to ANPP variation were 59.53% and 40.47%, respectively. The contribution of temperature to ANPP variation was considered high and stable, whereas the contribution of precipitation was relatively lower and variable. Residual analysis showed that human activities had both positive (51.30%) and negative effects (48.70%) on ANPP. Using Hurst exponent analysis, we found that 31.60% of the vegetation for the NNRs on the QTP will likely remain a persistent trend, and 65.4% will be stochastic in the future. By contrast, 3.00% of the vegetation mainly located in southern QTP would show a reverse trend, with most of them distributing in southern QTP, which deserves more attention. This study may help policymakers understand the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on vegetation in the different nature reserves on the QTP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T04:49:22Z","timestamp":1663562962000},"page":"4626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Relative Contributions of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Productivity Variation in National Nature Reserves on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7686-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105504","article-title":"Assessing the Effects of Climate Variation and Human Activities on Grassland Degradation and Restoration Across the Globe","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi9902","article-title":"The Growing Challenge of Vegetation Change","volume":"372","author":"Overpeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200303","article-title":"Beyond Predictions: Biodiversity Conservation in A Changing Climate","volume":"332","author":"Dawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6136","article-title":"The Characteristics of Moisture Recycling and Its Impact on Regional Precipitation Against the Background of Climate Warming over Northwest China","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145648","article-title":"Quantifying the Contributions of Human Activities and Climate Change to Vegetation Net Primary Productivity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2016","volume":"773","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw9256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw9256","article-title":"Measuring the Success of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Terrestrial Ecosystems","volume":"366","author":"Morecroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1890\/05-1098","article-title":"Ecologicl Mechanisms Linking Protected Areas to Surrounding Lands","volume":"17","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13947","article-title":"The Performance and Potential of Protected Areas","volume":"515","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Responses to Climate Change and Human Activities in Central Asia","volume":"599\u2013600","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s41748-021-00224-7","article-title":"Climatic Change and Human Activities Link to Vegetation Dynamics in the Aral Sea Basin Using NDVI","volume":"5","author":"Berdimbetov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106208","article-title":"Global Karst Vegetation Regime and Its Response to Climate Change and Human Activities","volume":"113","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.223","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Its Driving Forces from Climate Change and Human Activities in the Three-River Source Region, China from 1982 to 2012","volume":"563\u2013564","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749010","DOI":"10.1080\/20964129.2020.1749010","article-title":"Impacts of Land Conversion and Management Measures on Net Primary Productivity in Semi-arid Grassland","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health Sustain."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naeem, S., Zhang, Y.Q., Tian, J., Qamer, F.M., Latif, A., and Paul, P.K. (2020). Quantifying the Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities and Climate Variations on Vegetation Productivity Changes in China from 1985 to 2015. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071113"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"iii","article-title":"Comparing Global Models of Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity (NPP): Introduction","volume":"5","author":"Cramer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.12.014","article-title":"A Modeling and Spatio-temporal Analysis Framework for Monitoring Environmental Change Using NPP as an Ecosystem Indicator","volume":"113","author":"Crabtree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Yue, Y., and Niu, H. (2021). Evaluation of NPP Using Three Models Compared with MODIS-NPP Data over China. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252149"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2021.107630","article-title":"A Global Analysis of Agricultural Productivity and Water Resource Consumption Changes over Cropland Expansion Regions","volume":"321","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GB005022","article-title":"A Comparison of Plot-based Satellite and Earth System Model Estimates of Tropical Forest Net Primary Production","volume":"29","author":"Cleveland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093-e","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199169","article-title":"Response to Comments on \u201cDrought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 Through 2009\u201d","volume":"333","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150314","article-title":"Anthropogenic and Environmental Determinants of Alien Plant Species Spatial Distribution on An Island Scale","volume":"805","author":"Dimitrakopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2021.103709","article-title":"Divergent Responses of Terrestrial Carbon Use Efficiency to Climate Variation from 2000 to 2018","volume":"208","author":"Gang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2021.107796","article-title":"Ungulates Alter Plant Cover without Consistent Effect on Soil Ecosystem Functioning","volume":"326","author":"Baraza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838558","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.838558","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Characteristics of NPP Changes in Frozen Ground Areas of the Three-River Headwaters Region, China: A Regional Modeling Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e01983","article-title":"Mapping Forest Disturbance and Recovery for Ecological Security Improvement on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A Case Study from Three Parallel Rivers Region","volume":"33","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13097","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-13097-2014","article-title":"Development of a 10-Year (2001\u20132010) 0.1\u00b0 Data Set of Land-Surface Energy Balance for Mainland China","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9556-8","article-title":"Recent Land Cover Changes on the Tibetan Plateau: A Review","volume":"94","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12277","article-title":"The Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Biogeochemical Cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.L., Ding, Q.N., Meng, B.P., Lv, Y.Y., Liu, C., Zhang, X.Y., Sun, Y., Li, M., and Yi, S.H. (2021). The Relative Contributions of Climate and Grazing on the Dynamics of Grassland NPP and PUE on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13173424"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2013.09.035","article-title":"Climate Change as the Major Driver of Alpine Grasslands Expansion and Contraction: A Case Study in the Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) National Nature Preserve, southern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"336","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816500","DOI":"10.1080\/20964129.2020.1816500","article-title":"Excessive Plant Compensatory Growth: A Potential Endogenous Driver of Meadow Degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health Sustain."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108010","article-title":"Trends in Climate Change and Human Interventions Indicate Grassland Productivity on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau from 1980 to 2015","volume":"129","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Y.J., Zhu, J.T., Liu, Y.J., Zu, J.X., and Zhang, J. (2016). The Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100876"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2015.12.004","article-title":"Aeolian Processes and Their Effect on Sandy Desertification of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau: A Wind Tunnel Experiment","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-019-0061-2","article-title":"Monitoring the Impact of Climate Change and Human Activities on Grassland Vegetation Dynamics in the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China during 2000\u20132015","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Characteristics and Protection Effectiveness of Nature Reserves on the Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(97)00085-2","article-title":"Potemtial Impacts of Climate Change on Species Richness in Mountain Forests An Ecological Risk Assessment","volume":"83","author":"Kienast","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.11.011","article-title":"Gradients of Soil Salinity and Moisture, and Plant Distribution, in a Mediterranean Semiarid Saline Watershed: A Model of Soil\u2013plant Relationships for Contributing to the Management","volume":"115","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e59895","article-title":"Change of Land Use in the Zone Subject to Ecological Conservation Cuxtal Reserve, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico","volume":"101","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Geogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108223","article-title":"Vegetation Dynamics and Responses to Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities in the Three-River Headwaters Region, China","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e02052","article-title":"Effects of Climate Change and Human Activities on Net Primary Production of Wetlands on the Zoige Plateau from 1990 to 2015","volume":"35","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/62986","article-title":"The Impact of Climate Change and Human Activity on Net Primary Production in Tibet","volume":"25","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Hu, Q.W., and Zou, F.L. (2021). Spatio-Temporal Changes of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity and Its Driving Factors on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 2001 to 2017. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081566"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2016.1265017","article-title":"Assessing the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Vegetation Productivity in Africa: Quantifying the Relative Roles of Climate Variability and Human Activities","volume":"10","author":"Ugbaje","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995425520060025","article-title":"Assessment the Influence of Climate and Human Activities in Vegetation Degradation using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques","volume":"13","author":"Jahelnabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp. Probl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e01884","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Relative Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Xilingol Grassland in Recent 40 years","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.058","article-title":"Disentangling the Relative Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Arid and Semiarid Grasslands in Central Asia during 1982\u20132015","volume":"653","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.002","article-title":"The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"189\u2013190","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.106013","article-title":"What Drives the Vegetation Dynamics in the Hengduan Mountain Region, Southwest China: Climate Change or Human Activity?","volume":"112","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753757","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.753757","article-title":"Long-Term Spatial and Temporal Variation of Near Surface Air Temperature in Southwest China During 1969\u20132018","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119151","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2933235","article-title":"Long Range Correlation in Vegetation over West Africa from 1982 to 2011","volume":"7","author":"Igbawua","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashir, B., Cao, C.X., Naeem, S., Joharestani, M.Z., Bo, X., Huma, A., Jamal, K., and Mumtaz, F. (2020). Spatio-Temporal Vegetation Dynamic and Persistence under Climatic and Anthropogenic Factors. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162612"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03338-6","article-title":"Hurst Exponent Approach Through Rescaled range Analysis to Study the Time Series of Summer Monsoon Rainfall over Northeast India","volume":"142","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2008.05.053","article-title":"Some Comments on Hurst Exponent and the Long Memory Processes on Capital Markets","volume":"387","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.H., Yan, F., and Lu, Q. (2020). Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation on the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau and the Influence of Climatic Factors and Human Activities on Vegetation Trend (2000\u20132019). Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193150"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, B., S\u00e1nchez-Ruiz, S., Campos-Taberner, M., Garc\u00eda-Haro, F.J., and Gilabert, M.A. (2022). Exploring Ecosystem Functioning in Spain with Gross and Net Primary Production Time Series. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061310"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-019-0843-x","article-title":"Impacts of Climate Change on the Gross Primary Production of Italian Forests","volume":"76","author":"Fibbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.M., Zhang, Z.X., and Chen, X. (2022). The Dominant Driving Force of Forest Change in the Yangtze River Basin, China: Climate Variation or Anthropogenic Activities?. Forests, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/f13010082"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01989.x","article-title":"Enhanced Terrestrial Carbon Uptake in the Northern High Latitudes in the 21st Century from the Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project Model projections","volume":"16","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1836","article-title":"Temperature and Vegetation Seasonality Diminishment over Northern Lands","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-010-1069-4","article-title":"Hydrological Characteristics of the Rongbuk Glacier Catchment in Mt. Qomolangma Region in the Central Himalayas, China","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136691","article-title":"The Impacts of Climate Changes and Human Activities on Net Primary Productivity Vary Across An Ecotone Zone in Northwest China","volume":"714","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106997","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Driving Factors Affecting Human Appropriation of Net primary Production (HANPP) in the Qilian Mountains, China","volume":"121","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.46267\/j.1006-8775.2022.008","article-title":"The Warming and Wetting Ecological Environment Changes over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Driving Effect of the Asian Summer Monsoon","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, G., Shi, Z.J., Yang, X.H., Hao, Y.G., Guo, H., Kossi, F., Xin, Z.M., Wei, W., Zhang, Z.Y., and Zhang, X. (2017). Analysis of Precipitation Extremes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China: Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Topography Effects. Atmosphere, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8070127"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1441565","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Precipitation Patterns Characterized by TRMM TMPA over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Surroundings","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105724","article-title":"Distinguishing the Impacts of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Factors on Vegetation Dynamics in the Yangtze River Basin, China","volume":"108","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.04.027","article-title":"Relative Importance of Climate Change and Human Activities for Vegetation Changes on China\u2019s Silk Road Economic Belt over Multiple Timescales","volume":"180","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ16069","article-title":"Relative Contribution of Climate Change and Human Activities to Vegetation Degradation and Restoration in North Xinjiang, China","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9797","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9797","article-title":"Response of Grassland Productivity to Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities in Arid Regions of Central Asia","volume":"8","author":"Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-019-0070-1","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Change Patterns of Net Primary Productivity and Its Response to Climate Change in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China from 2000 to 2015","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EF002566","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002566","article-title":"Dual Influence of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities on the Spatiotemporal Vegetation Dynamics Over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau From 1981 to 2015","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Easth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F.Y., Zhang, Z.X., Kong, R., Chang, J., Tian, J.X., Zhu, B., Jiang, S.S., Chen, X., and Xu, C.Y. (2019). Changes in Forest Net Primary Productivity in the Yangtze River Basin and Its Relationship with Climate Change and Human Activities. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121451"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108341","article-title":"Diverse Responses of Grassland Dynamics to Climatic and Anthropogenic Factors Across the Different Time Scale in China","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4319","article-title":"Tibetan Plateau greening driven by warming-wetting climate change and ecological restoration in the 21st century","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H., Zhao, Y., and Kalhoro, G.M. (2022). Ecological Response of the Subsidy and Incentive System for Grassland Conservation in China. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11030358"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073174","article-title":"Vegetation as A Driver of Temporal Variations in Slope Stability: The Impact of Hydrological Processes","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.10.005","article-title":"Environmental Factors Affecting Vegetation Composition in the Alxa Plateau, China","volume":"69","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R.J., Feng, Q.S., Jin, Z.R., and Liang, T.G. (2021). The Restoration Potential of the Grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010080"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:32:52Z","timestamp":1760142772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14184626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14184626","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]}}}