{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:25:47Z","timestamp":1775744747048,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020YFB0505802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB0505802"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2652017105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2652017105"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2020YFB0505802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB0505802"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2652017105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2652017105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The orbital inclination angle of the GLONASS constellation is about 10\u00b0 larger than that of GPS, Galileo, and BDS. Theoretically, the higher orbital inclination angle could provide better observation geometry in high latitude regions. A wealth of research has investigated the positioning accuracy of GLONASS and its impact on multi-GNSS, but rarely considered the contribution of the GLONASS constellation\u2019s large orbit inclination angle. The performance of GLONASS in different latitude regions is evaluated in both stand-alone mode and integration with GPS in this paper. The performance of GPS is also presented for comparison. Three international GNSS service (IGS) networks located in high, middle, and low latitudes are selected for the current study. Multi-GNSS data between January 2021 and June 2021 are used for the assessment. The data quality check shows that the GLONASS data integrity is significantly lower than that of GPS. The constellation visibility analysis indicates that GLONASS has a much better elevation distribution than GPS in high latitude regions. Both daily double-difference network solutions and daily static Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solutions are evaluated. The statistical analysis of coordinate estimates indicates that, in high latitude regions, GLONASS has a comparable or even better accuracy than that of GPS, and GPS+GLONASS presents the best estimate accuracy; in middle latitude regions, GPS stand-alone constellation provides the best positioning accuracy; in low latitude regions, GLONASS offers the worst accuracy, but the positioning accuracy of GPS+GLONASS is better than that of GPS. The tropospheric estimates of GLONASS do not present a resemblance regional advantage as coordinate estimates, which is worse than that of GPS in all three networks. The PPP processing with combined GPS and GLONASS observations reduces the convergence time and improves the accuracy of tropospheric estimates in all three networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T04:49:22Z","timestamp":1663562962000},"page":"4640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Analyses of GLONASS and GPS+GLONASS Precise Positioning Performance in Different Latitude Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanli","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8851-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-7968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guigen","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Shuhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s43020-020-00023-x","article-title":"Status, perspectives and trends of satellite navigation","volume":"1","author":"Hein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Satell. 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