{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T16:27:47Z","timestamp":1771864067927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B210202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B210202003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["41901374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901374"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["B210202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B210202003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacier surges have been increasingly reported from the mountain and high-latitude cryosphere. They represent active glaciological processes that affect the evolution of natural landscapes, and they possibly lead to catastrophic consequences, such as ice collapse, which threatens the downstream communities. Identifying and monitoring surge-type glaciers has been challenging due to the irregularity of the behavior and limitations on the spatiotemporal coverage of remote-sensing observations. With a focus on the Karakoram region, with concentrated surge-type glaciers, we present a new method to efficiently detect glacier-surging activities by integrating the high temporal resolution of MODIS imagery and the long-term archived medium spatial resolution of Landsat imagery. This method first detects the location and initial time of glacier surges by trend analysis (trend and breakpoint) from MODIS data, which is implemented by the Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) tool. The initial location and time information is then validated with the detailed surging features, such as the terminus-position changes from Landsat, and the thickness-change patterns from surface-elevation-change maps. Our method identified 74 surging events during 2000\u20132020 in the Karakoram, including three tributary-glacier surges, and seven newly detected surge-type glaciers. The surge-type glaciers tend to have longer lengths and smaller mean slopes compared with nonsurge-type glaciers. A comparison with previous studies demonstrated the method efficiency for detecting the surging of large-scale and mesoscale glaciers, with limitations on small and narrow glaciers due to the spatial-resolution limitation of MODIS images. For the 38 surge-type nondebris-covered glaciers, we provide details of the surging, which depict the high variability (heavy-tailed distribution) in the surging parameters in the region, and the concentration of the surge initiation during 2008\u20132010 and 2013\u20132015. The updated glacier-surging information solidifies the basis for a further investigation of the surging processes at polythermal glaciers, and for an improved assessment of the glacier-mass balance and monitoring of glacier hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"4668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Large-Scale Monitoring of Glacier Surges by Integrating High-Temporal- and -Spatial-Resolution Satellite Observations: A Case Study in the Karakoram"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linghong","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"},{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"}]},{"given":"Jinshan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1060-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunqiao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2016.81","article-title":"Characterizing the May 2015 Karayaylak Glacier surge in the eastern Pamir Plateau using remote sensing","volume":"62","author":"Shangguan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-723-2017","article-title":"Surge dynamics and lake outbursts of Kyagar Glacier, Karakoram","volume":"11","author":"Round","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-017-3063-4","article-title":"Surge-type glaciers in Karakoram Mountain and possible catastrophes alongside a portion of the Karakoram Highway","volume":"90","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-017-0039-7","article-title":"Massive collapse of two glaciers in western Tibet in 2016 after surge-like instability","volume":"11","author":"Leinss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1139\/e69-081","article-title":"What are glacier surges?","volume":"6","author":"Meier","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9121","DOI":"10.1029\/JB092iB09p09121","article-title":"How do glaciers surge? A review","volume":"92","author":"Raymond","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1139\/e69-106","article-title":"Glacier surges in the Karakoram Himalaya (Central Asia)","volume":"6","author":"Hewitt","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1657\/1523-0430(2006)38[489:MCOTIO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Multivariate controls on the incidence of glacier surging in the Karakoram Himalaya","volume":"38","author":"Barrand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-977-2014","article-title":"Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multimission satellite imagery","volume":"8","author":"Rankl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103432","article-title":"Increasing glacial lake outburst flood hazard in response to surge glaciers in the Karakoram","volume":"212","author":"Bazai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2021.05.001","article-title":"The presence and influence of glacier surging around the Geladandong ice caps, North East Tibetan Plateau","volume":"12","author":"King","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vale, A.B., Arnold, N.S., Rees, W.G., and Lea, J.M. (2021). Remote detection of surge-related glacier terminus change across High Mountain Asia. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071309"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003515","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Karakoram glacier surges","volume":"120","author":"Quincey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000031221","article-title":"Distribution of surging glaciers in Western North America","volume":"8","author":"Post","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000002604","article-title":"Geometric evolution and ice dynamics during a surge of Bakaninbreen, Svalbard","volume":"44","author":"Murray","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Jiskoot, H., Luckman, A., and Murray, T. (2001). Controls on surging in East Greenland derived from a new glacier inventory. AGU Fall Meet. Abstr., IP22B-0691."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3189\/172756403781816220","article-title":"Surge potential and drainage-basin characteristics in East Greenland","volume":"36","author":"Jiskoot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3189\/172756500781833115","article-title":"Controls on the distribution of surge-type glaciers in Svalbard","volume":"46","author":"Jiskoot","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-43.4.503","article-title":"Expanded and recently increased glacier surging in the Karakoram","volume":"43","author":"Copland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15473-8","article-title":"Surge-type and surge-modified glaciers in the Karakoram","volume":"7","author":"Bhambri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.12.018","article-title":"Surge of hispar glacier, Pakistan, between 2013 and 2017 detected from remote sensing observations","volume":"303","author":"Rashid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.106957","article-title":"The January 2018 to September 2019 surge of shisper glacier, Pakistan, detected from remote sensing observations","volume":"351","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-16-603-2022","article-title":"A regionally resolved inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers, derived from a multi-factor remote sensing approach","volume":"16","author":"Guillet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003511","article-title":"Dynamics of surge-type glaciers in West Kunlun Shan, Northwestern Tibet","volume":"120","author":"Yasuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3189\/2015JoG15J017","article-title":"Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century","volume":"61","author":"Zemp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03436-z","article-title":"Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century","volume":"592","author":"Hugonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-2201-2015","article-title":"Revealing glacier flow and surge dynamics from animated satellite image sequences: Examples from the Karakoram","volume":"9","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:TKAGEA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the \u2018elevation effect,\u2019 Karakoram Himalaya","volume":"25","author":"Hewitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0513-5","article-title":"Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier anomaly","volume":"13","author":"Farinotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1126\/science.227.4686.469","article-title":"Glacier surge mechanism: 1982\u20131983 surge of variegated glacier, Alaska","volume":"227","author":"Kamb","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000005827","article-title":"The duration of the active phase on surge-type glaciers: Contrasts between Svalbard and other regions","volume":"37","author":"Dowdeswell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, T., Strozzi, T., Luckman, A., Jiskoot, H., and Christakos, P. (2003). Is there a single surge mechanism? Contrasts in dynamics between glacier surges in Svalbard and other regions. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001906"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frapp\u00e9, T.-P., and Clarke, G.K.C. (2007). Slow surge of Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000607"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3189\/2015JoG14J136","article-title":"Climatic and geometric controls on the global distribution of surge-type glaciers: Implications for a unifying model of surging","volume":"61","author":"Sevestre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2019.62","article-title":"A general theory of glacier surges","volume":"65","author":"Benn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.3189\/002214309790794940","article-title":"Identification and characteristics of surge-type glaciers on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic","volume":"55","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quincey, D.J., Braun, M., Glasser, N.F., Bishop, M.P., Hewitt, K., and Luckman, A. (2011). Karakoram glacier surge dynamics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049004"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.021","article-title":"Short-term glacier velocity changes at West Kunlun Shan, Northwest Tibet, detected by synthetic aperture radar data","volume":"128","author":"Yasuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-571-2014","article-title":"Brief communication: On the magnitude and frequency of Khurdopin glacier surge events","volume":"8","author":"Quincey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2016.1264319","article-title":"Changes in glacier surface cover on Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, North Pakistan, 2001\u20132012","volume":"13","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, F., Strozzi, T., Schellenberger, T., and K\u00e4\u00e4b, A. (2017). The 2015 surge of hispar glacier in the Karakoram. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090888"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2018.94","article-title":"Glacier surges in the North-West West Kunlun Shan inferred from 1972 to 2017 landsat imagery","volume":"65","author":"Chudley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3189\/172756408784700608","article-title":"Monitoring surging glaciers of the Pamirs, Central Asia, from space","volume":"48","author":"Kotlyakov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, J., Lv, M., Ruan, Z., Yan, S., and Liu, G. (2019). Evolution of surge-type glaciers in the Yangtze River headwater using multi-source remote sensing data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242991"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Yao, X., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., and Min, Y. (2021). Remote sensing monitoring of advancing and surging glaciers in the Tien Shan, 1990\u20132019. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101973"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-531-2017","article-title":"Brief communication: Glaciers in the Hunza Catchment (Karakoram) have been nearly in balance since the 1970s","volume":"11","author":"Bolch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2019.32","article-title":"Karakoram geodetic glacier mass balances between 2008 and 2016: Persistence of the anomaly and influence of a large rock avalanche on Siachen glacier","volume":"65","author":"Berthier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3161-2020","article-title":"More dynamic than expected: An updated survey of surging glaciers in the Pamir","volume":"12","author":"Goerlich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new inventory of High Mountain Asia surge-type glaciers derived from multiple elevation datasets since the 1970s","volume":"2022","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.014","article-title":"Detecting trend and seasonal changes in satellite image time series","volume":"114","author":"Verbesselt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Liu, K., Song, C., Wang, J., Ke, L., Ma, R., Zhang, W., Pan, H., and Deng, X. (2018). Remote sensing detection of vegetation and landform damages by coal mining on the Tibetan Plateau. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10113851"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter, C., and Coppernoll-Houston, D. (2019). Controls on land surface temperature in deserts of Southern California Derived from MODIS satellite time series analysis, 2000 to 2018. Climate, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli7020032"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101499","article-title":"Breaking ground: Automated disturbance detection with landsat time series captures rapid refugee settlement establishment and growth in North Uganda","volume":"82","author":"Friedrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2999","article-title":"A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016","volume":"10","author":"Brun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"RGI Consortium (2017). Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI)\u2014A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 6.0, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V.P., Singh, P., and Haritashya, U.K. (2011). Glaciers of the Karakoram Himalaya BT. Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2642-2"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23878","article-title":"Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees celsius on Asia\u2019s glaciers","volume":"549","author":"Kraaijenbrink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24180-y","article-title":"High Mountain Asian glacier response to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s","volume":"12","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-15-1845-2021","article-title":"Spatially and temporally resolved ice loss in High Mountain Asia and the gulf of Alaska observed by CryoSat-2 swath altimetry between 2010 and 2019","volume":"15","author":"Jakob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-1807-2018","article-title":"A consistent glacier inventory for Karakoram and Pamir derived from landsat data: Distribution of debris cover and mapping challenges","volume":"10","author":"Bolch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0271-9","article-title":"Twenty-first century glacier slowdown driven by mass loss in High Mountain Asia","volume":"12","author":"Dehecq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.026","article-title":"Using atmospherically-corrected landsat imagery to measure glacier area change in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru from 1987 to 2010","volume":"140","author":"Burns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2015.01.006","article-title":"Recent trends on glacier area retreat over the group of Nevados Caullaraju-Pastoruri (Cordillera Blanca, Peru) using landsat imagery","volume":"59","author":"Gevaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. S. Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-2537-2019","article-title":"Changes of the tropical glaciers throughout Peru between 2000 and 2016\u2014Mass balance and area fluctuations","volume":"13","author":"Seehaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, J., Higginbottom, T.P., Symeonakis, E., Jones, M.J., Omengo, F., Walker, S.L., and Cain, B. (2018). Detecting vegetation change in response to confining elephants in forests using MODIS time-series and BFAST. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071075"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Pan, H., Song, C., Ke, L., Wang, J., Ma, R., Deng, X., Liu, K., Zhu, J., and Wu, Q. (2019). Identifying emerging reservoirs along regulated rivers using multi-source remote sensing observations. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010025"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00137-P","article-title":"Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data","volume":"54","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-6-551-2018","article-title":"The Google Earth Engine Digitisation Tool (GEEDiT) and the Margin Change Quantification Tool (MaQiT)\u2014Simple tools for the rapid mapping and quantification of changing earth surface margins","volume":"6","author":"Lea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3189\/2014JoG13J061","article-title":"Evaluation of existing and new methods of tracking glacier terminus change","volume":"60","author":"Lea","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3189\/172756507782202829","article-title":"Tributary glacier surges: An exceptional concentration at Panmah Glacier, Karakoram Himalaya","volume":"53","author":"Hewitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.106993","article-title":"A 60-year chronology of glacier surges in the Central Karakoram from the analysis of satellite image time-series","volume":"352","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4668\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:34:21Z","timestamp":1760142861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14184668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14184668","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]}}}