{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:10:46Z","timestamp":1760231446139,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202006070089","D040402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006070089","D040402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Advance Research Project of Civil Aerospace Technology","award":["202006070089","D040402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006070089","D040402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric aerosols can impact human health, necessitating the understanding of their distribution determinants, especially in urban areas. The study discusses the relationships between five major land cover types and aerosol optical depth (AOD) within a city combining the high-resolution satellite-derived AOD products (derived from Sentinel-2) and land cover products (60 m and 100 m, respectively) for Beijing and its surroundings from 2017 to 2019. Contribution analysis is performed to quantitatively evaluate the influences of land cover on regional AOD over the study area. Patterns of aerosol distribution remarkably vary in time and space. Statistics of seasonal average AOD peak in spring and then progressively decline from summer through autumn to winter. High AOD values coincide with a low normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and a high normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). Urban and built-up land is a major contributor to regional AOD in the study area, especially in spring; forest and grassland always reduce AOD. Anthropogenic activities have a non-negligible influence on AOD and can even reverse the contribution of a land cover type to aerosols. Insights of the study promote the comprehension of the impacts of land cover on aerosols and air pollution and contribute to the planning of land use within a city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"4677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Land Use and Land Cover Influence on Sentinel-2 Aerosol Optical Depth below City Scales over Beijing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8056-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4240-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Cermak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), H.-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Leopoldshafen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Englerstr. 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"given":"Kangzhuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Pauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), H.-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Leopoldshafen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Englerstr. 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5468.1042","article-title":"Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot","volume":"288","author":"Ackerman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31783","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02281","article-title":"Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation-Brazil (SCAR-B) experiment","volume":"103","author":"Kaufman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.273","article-title":"Landscape determinants of spatio-temporal patterns of aerosol optical depth in the two most polluted metropolitans in the United States","volume":"609","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Daily mortality and fine and ultrafine particles in Erfurt, Germany part I: Role of particle number and particle mass","volume":"98","author":"Wichmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206124","article-title":"Associations between fine and coarse particles and mortality in Mediterranean cities: Results from the MED-PARTICLES project","volume":"121","author":"Samoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, H., Zou, B., and Tang, Y. (2017). Scale-and region-dependence in landscape-PM2. 5 correlation: Implications for urban planning. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090918"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138676","article-title":"Characteristics of aerosol optical depth over land types in central Asia","volume":"727","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Q., and Sun, Q. (2021). Monitoring the Spatial Variation of Aerosol Optical Depth and Its Correlation with Land Use\/Land Cover in Wuhan, China: A Perspective of Urban Planning. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031132"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3158061","article-title":"Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm for Sentinel-2 Images over Complex Urban Areas","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2016.02.022","article-title":"Impact of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change on urban air quality in representative cities of China","volume":"142","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5443","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1731934","article-title":"Satellite-based separation of climatic and surface influences on global aerosol change","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L10806","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038572","article-title":"Beijing Olympics as an aerosol field experiment","volume":"36","author":"Cermak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2892813","article-title":"A regionally robust high-spatial-resolution aerosol retrieval algorithm for MODIS images over Eastern China","volume":"57","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129488","article-title":"An improved approach for monitoring urban built-up areas by combining NPP-VIIRS nighttime light, NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI","volume":"328","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160304987","article-title":"Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery","volume":"24","author":"Zha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Buchhorn, M., Bertels, L., Smets, B., De Roo, B., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N.-E., Masiliunas, D., and Li, L. (2020). Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: Version 3 Globe 2015\u20132019: Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"752","article-title":"Distributions and changes of aerosol optical depth on both sides of HU Huanyong Line and the response to land use and land cover","volume":"38","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Circumstantiae"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.03.018","article-title":"Integrating ecosystem services into effectiveness assessment of ecological restoration program in northern China\u2019s arid areas: Insights from the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.01.002","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation and impact factors analysis of satellite-based aerosol optical depth over China from 2002 to 2015","volume":"129","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05972","article-title":"What drives the aerosol distribution in Guangdong-the most developed province in Southern China?","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirnberg, R., Cermak, J., and Andersen, H. (2018). An analysis of factors influencing the relationship between satellite-derived AOD and ground-level PM10. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091353"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5339.827","article-title":"The impact of aerosols on solar ultraviolet radiation and photochemical smog","volume":"278","author":"Dickerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD031380","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031380","article-title":"Mapping and understanding patterns of air quality using satellite data and machine learning","volume":"125","author":"Stirnberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2015.03.002","article-title":"Diurnal changes of PM10-emission from arable soils in NE-Germany","volume":"17","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954345","article-title":"NDVI-derived land cover classifications at a global scale","volume":"15","author":"Townshend","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50712","article-title":"Enhanced Deep Blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation","volume":"118","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2872914","article-title":"Aerosol Retrieval in the Autumn and Winter From the Red and 2.12 \u03bcm Bands of MODIS","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liang, H., and Cheng, W. (2020). Spatio-Temporal Variation in AOD and Correlation Analysis with PAR and NPP in China from 2001 to 2017. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-9039"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.155","article-title":"Spatiotemporal transition of institutional and socioeconomic impacts on vegetation productivity in Central Asia over last three decades","volume":"658","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.641-642.956","article-title":"Forecasting Agricultural Bio-energy Potential of Beijing","volume":"641","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.217","article-title":"Air pollution deposition on a roadside vegetation barrier in a Mediterranean environment: Combined effect of evergreen shrub species and planting density","volume":"643","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:34:36Z","timestamp":1760142876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/18\/4677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14184677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14184677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]}}}