{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:00:29Z","timestamp":1771664429316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Geoengineering of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","award":["29.610.008-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29.610.008-110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an innovative approach to the automatic modeling of buildings composed of rotational surfaces, based exclusively on airborne LiDAR point clouds. The proposed approach starts by detecting the gravity center of the building\u2019s footprint. A thin point slice parallel to one coordinate axis around the gravity center was considered, and a vertical cross-section was rotated around a vertical axis passing through the gravity center, to generate the 3D building model. The constructed model was visualized with a matrix composed of three matrices, where the same dimensions represented the X, Y, and Z Euclidean coordinates. Five tower point clouds were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Then, to estimate the accuracy, the point cloud was superimposed onto the constructed model, and the deviation of points describing the building model was calculated, in addition to the standard deviation. The obtained standard deviation values, which express the accuracy, were determined in the range of 0.21 m to 1.41 m. These values indicate that the accuracy of the suggested method is consistent with approaches suggested previously in the literature. In the future, the obtained model could be enhanced with the use of points that have considerable deviations. The applied matrix not only facilitates the modeling of buildings with various levels of architectural complexity, but it also allows for local enhancement of the constructed models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"4687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["3D LoD2 and LoD3 Modeling of Buildings with Ornamental Towers and Turrets Based on LiDAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Lewandowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, Institute of Geodesy and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Geoengineering, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4952-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayez","family":"Tarsha Kurdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Built Environment, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Campus, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0913-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Gharineiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Built Environment, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Campus, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.03.013","article-title":"Registration of large-scale terrestrial laser scanner point clouds: A review and benchmark","volume":"163","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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