{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:13:31Z","timestamp":1768738411800,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["RWDL2021-ZD003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RWDL2021-ZD003"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFB0503601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503601"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Human Geography of Tibetan Plateau and Its Eastern Slope (Chengdu University of Technology)","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Human Geography of Tibetan Plateau and Its Eastern Slope (Chengdu University of Technology)","award":["RWDL2021-ZD003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RWDL2021-ZD003"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Human Geography of Tibetan Plateau and Its Eastern Slope (Chengdu University of Technology)","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}]},{"name":"Research Center for Human Geography of Tibetan Plateau and Its Eastern Slope (Chengdu University of Technology)","award":["2017YFB0503601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503601"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Bases of Humanities and Social Sciences in Higher Education in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Bases of Humanities and Social Sciences in Higher Education in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["RWDL2021-ZD003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RWDL2021-ZD003"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Bases of Humanities and Social Sciences in Higher Education in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Bases of Humanities and Social Sciences in Higher Education in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Center for Disaster Economic Research","award":["2017YFB0503601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503601"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3000401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000401"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["RWDL2021-ZD003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RWDL2021-ZD003"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZHJJ2021-ZD001"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFB0503601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glacial lakes are important freshwater resources in southern Tibet. However, glacial lake outburst floods have significantly jeopardized the safety of local residents. To better understand the changes in glacial lakes in response to climate change, it is necessary to conduct a long-term evaluation on the areal dynamics of glacial lakes, assisted with local observations. Here, we propose an innovative method of classification and stacking extraction to accurately delineate glacial lakes in southwestern Tibet from 1990 to 2020. Based on Landsat images and meteorological data, we used geographic detectors to detect correlation factors. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the driving factors of the changes in glacier lake area. We combined bathymetric data of the glacial lakes with the changes in climatic variables and utilized HEC-RAS to determine critical circumstances for glacial lake outbursts. The results show that the area of glacial lakes in Nyalam County increased from 27.95 km2 in 1990 to 52.85 km2 in 2020, and eight more glacial lakes were observed in the study area. The glacial lake area expanded by 89.09%, where we found significant growth from 2015 to 2020. The correlation analysis between the glacial lake area and climate change throughout the period shows that temperature and precipitation dominate the expansion of these lakes from 1990 to 2020. We also discover that the progressive increase in water volume of glacial lakes can be attributed to the constant rise in temperature and freeze\u2013thaw of surrounding glaciers. Finally, the critical conditions for the glacial lake\u2019s outburst were predicted by using HEC-RAS combined with the changes in the water volume and climatic factors. It is concluded that GangxiCo endures a maximum water flow of 4.3 \u00d7 108 m3, and the glacial lake is in a stable changing stage. This conclusion is consistent with the field investigation and can inform the prediction of glacial lake outbursts in southwestern Tibet in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:08:09Z","timestamp":1663718889000},"page":"4688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterization of Long-Time Series Variation of Glacial Lakes in Southwestern Tibet: A Case Study in the Nyalam County"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ge","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1342-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoai","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8871-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3741-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weile","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meilian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4866-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhichong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiashun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3649-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"},{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binyang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Branch of China Petroleum Engineering Construction Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0987-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Atasoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Geosciences, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1240-1","article-title":"Asia\u2019s shrinking glaciers protect large populations from drought stress","volume":"569","author":"Pritchard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-3-559-2015","article-title":"Estimating the volume of Alpine glacial lakes","volume":"3","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Surf. 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