{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T19:52:09Z","timestamp":1775505129532,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tibet, China","award":["2016ZR-TU-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZR-TU-05"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tibet, China","award":["QCZ2016-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QCZ2016-07"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Innovative Research for Young Teachers in Higher Educational Institutions of Tibet, China","award":["2016ZR-TU-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZR-TU-05"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Innovative Research for Young Teachers in Higher Educational Institutions of Tibet, China","award":["QCZ2016-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QCZ2016-07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is one of the most vulnerable ecosystems worldwide. Over the last few decades, the QTP has been subjected to increasing external pressures, such as climate change, human activity, and natural hazards. Therefore, ecological risk assessment is vital for the environmental protection and sustainable development of the QTP. A landscape ecological risk (LER) assessment based on landscape disturbance and vulnerability was performed to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics associated with LER in the QTP from 1990 to 2020. Furthermore, the impact of LER was quantitatively evaluated with a boosted regression tree model. Results showed that more than 70% of the locations in the QTP exhibited below-medium LER. The LER for the QTP demonstrated downward trends from 1990 to 2020. The LER presented downward trends during the periods from 1990 to 2001 and from 2012 to 2020 and no significant trend during the period from 2002 to 2011. Additionally, high-LER areas were concentrated in the northwestern QTP, whereas low-LER areas were mainly in the southeastern QTP. The LER displayed clustering characteristics across the QTP. Changes in climate, topographic distribution, and human activity influenced the ecological stability of the study area. Precipitation and temperature had the strongest effects on the LER, followed by elevation and grazing intensity. Lower precipitation and temperatures were associated with higher LER. Our results provide precise and specific support for the environmental protection and ecological management of the QTP and other ecologically fragile areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T23:07:55Z","timestamp":1663888075000},"page":"4726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment and Impact Factor Analysis of the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sishi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-9072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenglei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"The Joint Laboratory of Plateau Surface Remote Sensing, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/152702901753397054","article-title":"The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: How High Do Tibetans Live?","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"High Alt. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Protection and Construction of the National Ecological Security Shelter Zone on Tibetan Plateau","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-021-01320-9","article-title":"Sensitivity and Future Exposure of Ecosystem Services to Climate Change on the Tibetan Plateau of China","volume":"36","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2012.04.002","article-title":"Third Pole Environment (TPE)","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2019-0074","article-title":"Responses and Feedback of the Tibetan Plateau\u2019s Alpine Ecosystem to Climate Change","volume":"64","author":"Piao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-009-9556-8","article-title":"Recent Land Cover Changes on the Tibetan Plateau: A Review","volume":"94","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.07.013","article-title":"Trends in the Thermal Growing Season throughout the Tibetan Plateau during 1960\u20132009","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"3025","article-title":"Assessment of Past, Present and Future Environmental Changes on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kexue Tongbao\/Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"108","article-title":"Scientific Basis and the Strategy of Sustainable Development in Tibetan Plateau","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107274","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Changes of Ecological Vulnerability across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"123","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"465","article-title":"Spatial Distribution of Soil Erosion Sensitivity on the Tibet Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2022.100445","article-title":"Ecological Risk in the Tibetan Plateau and Influencing Urbanization Factors","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.10.003","article-title":"Mapping Human Influence Intensity in the Tibetan Plateau for Conservation of Ecological Service Functions","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910444106","article-title":"Black Soot and the Survival of Tibetan Glaciers","volume":"106","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.12.018","article-title":"Effect of Tibetan Plateau Heating on Summer Extreme Precipitation in Eastern China","volume":"218","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(03)00240-3","article-title":"Land-Surface Hydrological Processes in the Permafrost Region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"283","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-019-00710-y","article-title":"The Social\u2013Ecological Dimension of Vulnerability and Risk to Natural Hazards","volume":"15","author":"Depietri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"50","article-title":"Concepts of Risk: An Interdisciplinary Review Part 1: Disciplinary Risk Concepts","volume":"17","author":"Renn","year":"2008","journal-title":"GAIA-Ecol. Perspect. Sci. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1186","article-title":"Study on the Correlation between Ecological Risk Due to Natural Disaster and Landscape Pattern-Process: Review and Prospect","volume":"29","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.09.016","article-title":"Spatial Variations in the Relationships between Road Network and Landscape Ecological Risks in the Highest Forest Coverage Region of China","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4173","article-title":"Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture","volume":"15","author":"Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"664","article-title":"Review on Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment","volume":"70","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dili Xuebao\/Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Chen, J., Lan, Y., Zhou, G., You, H., Han, X., Wang, Y., and Shi, X. (2022). Landscape Pattern and Ecological Risk Assessment in Guangxi Based on Land Use Change. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031595"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.12.050","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment of Cities on the Tibetan Plateau Based on Land Use\/Land Cover Changes\u2013Case Study of Delingha City","volume":"101","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3951","article-title":"Evaluating the Landscape Ecological Risk Based on GIS: A Case-study in the Poyang Lake Region of China","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106621","article-title":"Assessment of Landscape Ecological Risk for a Cross-Border Basin: A Case Study of the Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, M., Ge, J., Gao, J., Meng, B., Li, Y., Yin, J., Liu, J., Feng, Q., and Liang, T. (2020). Ecological Risk Assessment and Impact Factor Analysis of Alpine Wetland Ecosystem Based on LUCC and Boosted Regression Tree on the Zoige Plateau, China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030368"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1052","article-title":"The Integrated Studies of Geography: Coupling of Patterns and Processes","volume":"69","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.2002.00918.x","article-title":"Riverine Landscape Dynamics and Ecological Risk Assessment","volume":"47","author":"Leuven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.382","article-title":"Dynamic Projection of Ecological Risk in the Manas River Basin Based on Terrain Gradients","volume":"653","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/gj.3115","article-title":"Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment in Qinling Mountain","volume":"53","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geol. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/68877","article-title":"Regional Ecological Network Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: A Case Study of China\u2019s Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"67","article-title":"Assessment of Changes in the Value of Ecosystem Services in the Koshi River Basin, Central High Himalayas Based on Land Cover Changes and the CA-Markov Model","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Resour. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"345","article-title":"Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment and Its Spatiotemporal Changes of the Boston Lake Basin","volume":"41","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062739115050101","article-title":"Ecological Risk Management in Coal Mining and Processing","volume":"51","author":"Mikhailov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030601105092","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment of Regions Along the Roadside of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway Based on an Artificial Neural Network","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"21","article-title":"Ecological Risk Appraisal of Programming Infrastructure Construction in Tibet Plateau: A Case Study on Sannan Administrative Region","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Disasters"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1739","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risks on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"42","author":"WANG","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"843","article-title":"Review of Landscape Ecological Risk and an Assessment Framework Based on Ecological Services: ESRISK","volume":"73","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106681","article-title":"Impacts of Landscape Multifunctionality Change on Landscape Ecological Risk in a Megacity, China: A Case Study of Beijing","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108771","article-title":"Assessing the Dynamic Landscape Ecological Risk and Its Driving Forces in an Island City Based on Optimal Spatial Scales: Haitan Island, China","volume":"137","author":"Ai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Zhou, X., Yang, L., Duan, J., and Zeng, Z. (2022). Spatio-Temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Ecological Risk in China\u2019s North\u2013South Transition Zone. Sustainbility, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095464"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.048","article-title":"Impacts of Road Network Expansion on Landscape Ecological Risk in a Megacity, China: A Case Study of Beijing","volume":"574","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.11834\/jrs.20211193","article-title":"Remote Sensing Monitoring and Analysis of Landscape Pattern in Bayanbulak Heritage Site for Nearly 30 Years","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Remote Sens. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88[243:BTFEMA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Boosted Trees for Ecological Modeling and Prediction","volume":"88","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8367","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01287","article-title":"Ecological and Landscape Drivers of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Detections and Concentrations in Canada\u2019s Prairie Wetlands","volume":"49","author":"Main","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.023","article-title":"Boosted Regression Tree Model-Based Assessment of the Impacts of Meteorological Drivers of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Guangdong, China","volume":"553","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51564-4","article-title":"Malaria Risk Assessment and Mapping Using Satellite Imagery and Boosted Regression Trees in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"9","author":"Valdivia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"727","article-title":"Driving Forces Analysis of Urban Expansion Based on Boosted Regression Trees and Logistic Regression","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ren, H., and Pan, X. (2019). Integration Dataset of Tibet Plateau Boundary, National Tibetan Plateau Data Center."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Discussion on the Boundary and Area of the Tibetan Plateau in China","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m Annual Land Cover Dataset and Its Dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2019-0046","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Land Use and Cover Changes in the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.127","article-title":"Grazing Intensity and Human Activity Intensity Data Sets on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1990\u20132015","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Bian, F., Xie, Y., Cui, X., and Zeng, Y. (2013, January 8\u201310). Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment of the Shiyang River Basin. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geo-Informatics in Resource Management and Sustainable Ecosystem (GRMSE 2013), Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127522","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Patterns and Modifiable Areal Unit Problems of the Landscape Ecological Risk in Coastal Areas: A Case Study of the Shandong Peninsula, China","volume":"310","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10010328","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment of Land Use Change in the Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Zone, China","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2020.102174","article-title":"Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment of Chinese Coastal Cities Based on Land Use Change","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107454","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis of Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Land Use\/Land Cover Change in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province, China","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.05.073","article-title":"An Analysis of Spatiotemporal Patterns in Chinese Agricultural Productivity between 2004 and 2014","volume":"105","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111817","article-title":"Integrating Ecosystem Services and Landscape Ecological Risk into Adaptive Management: Insights from a Western Mountain-Basin Area, China","volume":"281","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.10.007","article-title":"Issues in Using Landscape Indicators to Assess Land Changes","volume":"28","author":"Dale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-5158-0","article-title":"Mapping and Evaluation of Landscape Ecological Status Using Geographic Indices Extracted from Remote Sensing Imagery of the Pearl River Delta, China, between 1998 and 2008","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7676-z","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment Due to Land Use\/Cover Changes (LUCC) in Jinghe County, Xinjiang, China from 1990 to 2014 Based on Landscape Patterns and Spatial Statistics","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.07.031","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Vegetation Variation in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Jia, K., Liang, S., Liu, M., Wei, X., Yao, Y., Zhang, X., and Liu, D. (2018). Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Uncertainty of Fractional Vegetation Cover Change over Northern China during 2001\u20132012 Based on Multiple Vegetation Data Sets. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040549"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145644","article-title":"Grassland Type-Dependent Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Productivity in Inner Mongolia and Its Response to Climate Factors","volume":"775","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall\u2019s Tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1948). Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Nonparametric Tests Against Trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068373917060073","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Extreme Precipitation in Iran","volume":"42","author":"Darand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(03)00070-X","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation in Multi-Scale Land Use Models","volume":"164","author":"Overmars","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","article-title":"Local Indicators of Spatial Association\u2014LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"3947","article-title":"Research Progress on Landscape Ecological Networks","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2002)072[0445:SAAAMI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation and Autoregressive Models in Ecology","volume":"72","author":"Lichstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batlle, J.R.M., and Van Der Hoek, Y. (2018). Clusters of High Abundance of Plants Detected from Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) in a Semi-Deciduous Tropical Forest. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208780"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x","article-title":"A Working Guide to Boosted Regression Trees","volume":"77","author":"Elith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110424","article-title":"Modeling the Impact of 2D\/3D Urban Indicators on the Urban Heat Island over Different Seasons: A Boosted Regression Tree Approach","volume":"266","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zong, M., Hu, Y., Liu, M., Li, C., Wang, C., and Ping, X. (2020). Effects of Landscape Pattern Change on Water Yield and Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Hun-Taizi River Watershed, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093060"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.06.024","article-title":"Relationship between Astringency and Phenolic Composition of Commercial Uruguayan Tannat Wines: Application of Boosted Regression Trees","volume":"112","author":"Vidal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.08.036","article-title":"Comparison of Boosted Regression Tree and Random Forest Models for Mapping Topsoil Organic Carbon Concentration in an Alpine Ecosystem","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-1321-2017","article-title":"Data-Mining Analysis of the Global Distribution of Soil Carbon in Observational Databases and Earth System Models","volume":"10","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"33","article-title":"Regularity of Vegetation Coverage Changes in the Tibetan Plateau over the Last 21 Years","volume":"22","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18348","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17978-2","article-title":"Information Entropy and Elasticity Analysis of the Land Use Structure Change Influencing Eco-Environmental Quality in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2015","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., Zu, J., and Zhang, J. (2016). The Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100876"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101413","article-title":"Regional-Scale Vegetation-Climate Interactions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"65","author":"Diao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140721","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Variations and Coupling of Human Activity Intensity and Ecosystem Services Based on the Four-Quadrant Model on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"743","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-009-0230-4","article-title":"Analysis of Dynamics and Driving Factors of Wetland Landscape in Zoige, Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"6","author":"Qiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106684","article-title":"Enhancing Sustainability of Grassland Ecosystems through Ecological Restoration and Grazing Management in an Era of Climate Change on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"287","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01656","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1656","article-title":"Effects of Grazing on Ecosystem Structure and Function of Alpine Grasslands in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: A Synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681775","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.681775","article-title":"Responses of Habitat Quality and Animal Biodiversity to Grazing Activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.125","article-title":"Multi-Scenario Simulation of Landscape Ecological Risk Probability to Facilitate Different Decision-Making Preferences","volume":"227","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1707","article-title":"Ecosystem Services as Assessment Endpoints for Ecological Risk Assessment","volume":"12","author":"Munns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:36:52Z","timestamp":1760143012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14194726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14194726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]}}}