{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T14:13:41Z","timestamp":1773670421673,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52161145102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52161145102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paucity of in-situ records, particularly in the glaciated mountainous region, is an obstacle in cryosphere ecology and environmental studies. Generally, available gauge station data is fragmented and covers valleys; thus, the use of gridded precipitation products (GPPs) is crucial in such complex terrains. However, these GPPs suffer from systematic biases and uncertainties owing to parameterization deficiencies. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to systematically evaluate the long-term performance and differences of the newly launched MSWEP in comparison to APHRO, CHIRPS, ERA-5, and PGMFD over the transboundary region of Indo-Pak (1981\u20132009) at spatial (whole to sub-basins) and temporal (daily to seasonal) scales. Findings reveal (1) overall, five GPPs produced well annual spatial precipitation variability with high magnitudes in the northwestern and low in the northeastern region. (2) The estimations from GPPs also divulged better correlation with in-situ observations (MSWEP = 0.86, APHRO = 0.76, ERA-5 = 0.81, CHIRPS = 0.57 and PGMFD = 0.68) at daily span. Better performance was observed during the monsoon compared to winter and pre-monsoon seasons. (3) Lately, estimates from MSWEP are more reliable for all the seasons, especially in the winter season, with the highest CC (0.90) and lowest relative bias (3.03%). (4) All GPPs (excluding ERA-5) overestimated light precipitation (0\u20131 mm\/day) and underestimated moderate to heavy precipitation, in contrast to the ERA-5 that tended to underestimate the light but overestimate moderate (1\u201320 mm\/day) and heavy precipitation (&gt;20 mm\/day) events. The CHIRPS was less accurate in detecting most of the precipitation events. The MSWEP product captured all precipitation intensities more accurately than other GPPs. The current research indicates considerable implications for product improvement and data users for choosing better alternative precipitation data at a local scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T03:34:17Z","timestamp":1664163257000},"page":"4773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Long-Term Performance Evaluation of the Latest Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) over the Highlands of Indo-Pak (1981\u20132009)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9018-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sikandar","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Azmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographical Information Systems (IGIS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Patient Mindje","family":"Kayumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mind\u2019je","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8920-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"given":"Jinxiu","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5382-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.002","article-title":"First results from Version 7 TRMM 3B43 precipitation product in combination with a new downscaling\u2013calibration procedure","volume":"131","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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