{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T22:01:15Z","timestamp":1775340075310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]],"date-time":"2022-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2243211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2243211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42077076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42077075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various land degradation processes have led to land productivity reduction, food insecurity and ecosystem destruction. The Loess Plateau (LP) suffered from severe land degradation, such as vegetation degradation, soil erosion and desertification. This study assessed land degradation changes by considering different land degradation types including vegetation degradation, soil erosion, aridity, loss of soil organic carbon and desertification in the Huangfuchuan watershed of the northern LP. A comprehensive land degradation index (LDI) was developed by combining different degradation processes using the fuzzy logic modeling method. Our results showed significant land use transitions from bare land and sandy area to grass land and forest land from 1990 to 2018, which were consistent with an obvious increase in vegetation cover from 31.24% to 40.72%. The soil erosion rate predicted by the RUSLE model decreased by 51.95% during 1990\u20132018. The basin-average LDI decreased from 0.68 in 1990 to 0.51 in 2018, suggesting the great success of land degradation prevention in a fragile ecological environment region on the LP during the past decades. This study proposed an integrated framework for land degradation assessment in the high erodible area. The results can provide good references for the improvement of ecological environment in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T03:34:17Z","timestamp":1664163257000},"page":"4779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Fuzzy Logic Modeling of Land Degradation in a Loess Plateau Watershed, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingmin","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4233-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangju","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area of Ministry of Water Resources of China, 128 Daxue East Street, Hohhot 010020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0309-1","article-title":"Ecosystem accounts define explicit and spatial trade-offs for managing natural resources","volume":"1","author":"Keith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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