{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:12:26Z","timestamp":1760231546081,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]],"date-time":"2022-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20B2059","61875156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20B2059","61875156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The monitoring of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is of great significance for reducing chemical pollution, warning of fires, and improving air quality. Among the VOCs, 1,3-butadiene is essential to monitor as a carcinogenic environmental pollutant. The space-based detection of 1,3-butadiene was made possible by recently development of infrared detection satellites and advances in spectroscopic techniques. In this work, based on the demand for space-based infrared detection of 1,3-butadiene, a modeling method of Earth background radiance characteristics coupled with remote sensing data and physical model is proposed, which can effectively simulate the Earth background radiance field distribution under any atmospheric conditions. Specifically, infrared spectral radiance of 1,3-butadiene was simulated from absorption cross-section data. Further, combined with the radiative transfer model and atmospheric profiles of satellite sensor data, such as temperature, pressure, and H2O and O3 mixing ratio, the atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric background radiance are simulated. Finally, infrared space-based detection of 1,3-butadiene is simulated by coupling Earth background radiance and the detectability is analyzed and discussed by using signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR). The results show that 1,3-butadiene has an absorption effect in space-based infrared detection. The detectability of the narrow band 9.8\u201310.0 \u03bcm and 10.9\u201311.1 \u03bcm is better than that of the wide band 9.0\u201312.0 \u03bcm, and 10.9\u201311.1 \u03bcm is a better detection band for 1,3-butadiene than other bands. This paper provides a method for the space-based infrared detection of 1,3-butadiene. It also provides a reference for selecting the appropriate band for the detector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T03:34:17Z","timestamp":1664163257000},"page":"4788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sensitivity Analysis of 1,3-Butadiene Monitoring Based on Space-Based Detection in the Infrared Band"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinlu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yankun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danmeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Information Sensing and Understanding, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Beauregard, M.D. (1996). Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources Of 1,3-Butadiene."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1039\/B614142K","article-title":"The impact of domestic wood burning on personal, indoor and outdoor levels of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde","volume":"9","author":"Gustafson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-003-0436-7","article-title":"Comparison of breath, blood and urine concentrations in the biomonitoring of environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and benzene","volume":"76","author":"Perbellini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.09.003","article-title":"1, 3-butadiene, styrene and lymphohematopoietic cancer among male synthetic rubber industry workers\u2013preliminary exposure-response analyses","volume":"241","author":"Sathiakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-010-0406-0","article-title":"Airborne Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Potential Health Impact on the Vicinity of Petrochemical Industrial Complex","volume":"214","author":"Thepanondh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/56.1.189","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure to 1, 3-butadiene as a basis for cancer risk assessment","volume":"56","author":"Megens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00327-1","article-title":"The gas phase reaction of ozone with 1, 3-butadiene: Formation yields of some toxic products","volume":"34","author":"Kramp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03634","article-title":"Spatial Distribution of Ozone Formation in China Derived from Emissions of Speciated Volatile Organic Compounds","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18319","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-18319-2021","article-title":"Formaldehyde evolution in US wildfire plumes during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality experiment (FIREX-AQ)","volume":"21","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.10.010","article-title":"A systematic review of land use regression models for volatile organic compounds","volume":"171","author":"Amini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1039\/c0em00724b","article-title":"Spatial analysis and land use regression of VOCs and NO2 in Dallas, Texas during two seasons","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(01)00190-9","article-title":"Ambient concentrations of 1, 3-butadiene in the UK","volume":"135","author":"Dollard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002976","article-title":"Creating national air pollution models for population exposure assessment in Canada","volume":"119","author":"Hystad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19416","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019416","article-title":"Space-based diagnosis of surface ozone sensitivity to anthropogenic emissions","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Liu, J., Peters, S., Li, J., Oliver, S., and Mueller, N. (2022). Investigating the Impact of Using IR Bands on Early Fire Smoke Detection from Landsat Imagery with a Lightweight CNN Model. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14133047"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venter, Z.S., Barton, D.N., Chakraborty, T., Simensen, T., and Singh, G. (2022). Global 10m Land Use Land Cover Datasets: A Comparison of Dynamic World, World Cover and Esri Land Cover. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14164101"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Holloway, T., Bindl, M., Harkey, M., and De Smedt, I. (2022). Ambient Formaldehyde over the United States from Ground-Based (AQS) and Satellite (OMI) Observations. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092191"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Meng, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., and Liu, J. (2022). Ozone Profiles, Precursors, and Vertical Distribution in Urban Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112533"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Li, Q., Wang, H., Bai, Z., Li, D., Wang, W., and Bian, J. (2022). Contributions of Various Sources to the Higher-Concentration Center of CO within the ASM Anticyclone Based on GEOS-Chem Simulations. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14143322"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jms.2005.11.002","article-title":"Analysis of rotational structure in the high-resolution infrared spectrum and assignment of vibrational fundamentals of butadiene-2,3-13C2","volume":"235","author":"Craig","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Arco, A., Mancini, T., Paolozzi, M.C., Macis, S., Mosesso, L., Marcelli, A., Petrarca, M., Radica, F., Tranfo, G., and Lupi, S. (2022). High Sensitivity Monitoring of VOCs in Air through FTIR Spectroscopy Using a Multipass Gas Cell Setup. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155624"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2004.11.090","article-title":"Rotational analysis of several bands in the high-resolution infrared spectrum of butadiene-1-13C1: Assignment of vibrational fundamentals","volume":"742","author":"Craig","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jms.2004.07.001","article-title":"Rotational analysis of bands in the high-resolution infrared spectra of the three species of butadiene-1,4-d2; refinement of the assignments of the vibrational fundamentals","volume":"228","author":"Craig","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03004","article-title":"Mid-Infrared Chalcogenide Waveguides for Real-Time and Nondestructive Volatile Organic Compound Detection","volume":"91","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siozos, P., Psyllakis, G., Samartzis, P.C., and Velegrakis, M. (2022). Autonomous Differential Absorption Laser Device for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030460"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prata, F. (2020). Detection and Avoidance of Atmospheric Aviation Hazards Using Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142309"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Huang, Y., Wu, P., Liu, D., Ma, H., Wang, G., and Cao, Z. (2022). Distributed Feedback Interband Cascade Laser Based Laser Heterodyne Radiometer for Column Density of HDO and CH4 Measurements at Dunhuang, Northwest of China. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061489"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhu, M., Li, J., Li, W., Di, D., Shi, Y.-N., and Wu, K. (2019). Alternate Mapping Correlated k-Distribution Method for Infrared Radiative Transfer Forward Simulation. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11090994"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2021.107949","article-title":"The HITRAN2020 molecular spectroscopic database","volume":"277","author":"Gordon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2019.04.001","article-title":"Infrared absorption cross-sections in HITRAN2016 and beyond: Expansion for climate, environment, and atmospheric applications","volume":"230","author":"Kochanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Berk, A. (2016). Algorithm Theoretic Basis Document (ATBD) for Next Generation MODTRAN, Air Force Research Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(97)00769-2","article-title":"Energetics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and the SABER experiment","volume":"20","author":"Mlynczak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032418","article-title":"Long-term trends and solar responses of the mesopause temperatures observed by SABER during the 2002\u20132019 period","volume":"125","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Wang, J., Li, M., Peng, Z., and Liu, X. (2019). Investigating Detectability of Infrared Radiation Based on Image Evaluation for Engine Flame. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21100946"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:39:08Z","timestamp":1760143148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14194788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14194788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,25]]}}}