{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:13:38Z","timestamp":1784913218204,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CGIAR (Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research)","award":["#Tier2 MOE-T2EP402A20-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#Tier2 MOE-T2EP402A20-0001"]}]},{"name":"Ecosystems (WLE) and Ministry of Education of Singapore","award":["#Tier2 MOE-T2EP402A20-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#Tier2 MOE-T2EP402A20-0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Located on the south-facing slope of the Himalayas, Nepal receives intense, long-lasting precipitation during the Asian summer monsoon, making Nepal one of the most susceptible countries to flood and landslide hazards in the region. However, sparse gauging and irregular measurement constrain the vulnerability assessments of floods and landslides, which rely highly on the accuracy of precipitation. Therefore, this study evaluates the performance of Satellite-based Precipitation Products (SPPs) in the Himalayas region by comparing different datasets and identifying the best alternative of gauge-based precipitation for hydro-meteorological applications. We compared eight SPPs using statistical metrics and then used the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) technique to rank them. Secondly, we assessed the hydrological utility of SPPs by simulating them through the GR4J hydrological model. We found a high POD (0.60\u20130.80) for all SPPs except CHIRPS and PERSIANN; however, a high CC (0.20\u20130.40) only for CHIRPS, IMERG_Final, and CMORPH. Based on MCDM, CMORPH and IMERG_Final rank first and second. While SPPs could not simulate daily discharge (NSE &lt; 0.28), they performed better for monthly streamflow (NSE &gt; 0.54). Overall, this study recommends CMORPH and IMERG_Final and improves the understanding of data quality to better manage hydrological disasters in the data-sparse Himalayas. This study framework can also be used in other Himalayan regions to systematically rank and identify the most suitable datasets for hydro-meteorological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1664335837000},"page":"4810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Assessing the Performance of the Satellite-Based Precipitation Products (SPP) in the Data-Sparse Himalayan Terrain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8657-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Education (NIE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"},{"name":"Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giriraj","family":"Amarnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 127, Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Colombo 2075, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surajit","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 127, Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Colombo 2075, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Education (NIE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"},{"name":"Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Triambak","family":"Baghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Education (NIE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malay","family":"Pramanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Innovation and Sustainability Program, Department of Development and Sustainability, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devesh","family":"Belbase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-471-2011","article-title":"Climate change and mountain water resources: Overview and recommendations for research, management and policy","volume":"15","author":"Viviroli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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