{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:49:38Z","timestamp":1773931778840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42005100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["MS22022016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS22022016"]}]},{"name":"Nantong Science and Technology for Social and Livelihood Key Project","award":["42005100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005100"]}]},{"name":"Nantong Science and Technology for Social and Livelihood Key Project","award":["MS22022016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS22022016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current automotive radar technology is almost exclusively implemented using frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in the millimeter wave bands. Unfortunately, incoherent interference is becoming a serious problem due to the increasing number of automotive radars in dense traffic situations. To address this issue, this article presents a sparsity-based technique for mitigating the incoherent interference between FMCW radars. First, a low-pass filter-based technique is developed to detect the envelope of the interference. Next, the labeled regions where interference is present are considered as missing data. In this way, the problem of mitigating interference is further formulated as the restoration of the echo using L1 norm-regularized least squares. Finally, the alternating direction method of the multipliers-based technique is applied to restore the radar echoes. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed approach. Compared to state-of-the-art interference mitigation methods, the proposed method remarkably improves the quality of radar targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1664335837000},"page":"4817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Incoherent Interference Detection and Mitigation for Millimeter-Wave FMCW Radars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5645-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Remote Sensing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}]},{"given":"Shuaikang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Remote Sensing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuexia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Remote Sensing Group, School of Transportation, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardill, M., Schwendner, J., and Fuchs, J. (2020, January 26\u201329). An Approach to Over-the-air Synchronization of Commercial Chirp-Sequence Automotive Radar Sensors. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNeT), San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSNeT46826.2020.9037593"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2518579","article-title":"Experimental Low-Terahertz Radar Image Analysis for Automotive Terrain Sensing","volume":"13","author":"Jasteh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5527","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2912852","article-title":"Range and Doppler Cell Migration in Wideband Automotive Radar","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2628914","article-title":"Automotive radars: A review of signal processing techniques","volume":"34","author":"Patole","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2908214","article-title":"Interference in automotive radar systems: Characteristics, mitigation techniques, and current and future research","volume":"36","author":"Alland","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tovar Torres, L.L., Steiner, M., and Waldschmidt, C. (2020, January 26\u201329). Channel Influence for the Analysis of Interferences Between Automotive Radars. Proceedings of the 2020 17th European Radar Conference (EuRAD), San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuRAD48048.2021.00075"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, L.L.T., Roos, F., and Waldschmidt, C. (2020, January 21\u201325). Simulator Design for Interference Analysis in Complex Automotive Multi-User Traffic Scenarios. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2043947.2020.9266318"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3170988","article-title":"Unsupervised Learning Discriminative MIG Detectors in Nonhomogeneous Clutter","volume":"70","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2651718","article-title":"Non-coherent Radar Detection Performance in Medium Grazing Angle X-Band Sea Clutter","volume":"53","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Shi, Q., Shi, J., Wang, H., Wei, M., Gao, R., Shao, Y., and Tao, H. (August, January 28). A novel method of mitigating the mutual interference between multiple LFMCW radars for automotive applications. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2019\u20132019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8898924"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2777962","article-title":"Interference mitigation for automotive radar using orthogonal noise waveforms","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"364","article-title":"Novel Orthogonal Random Phase-Coded Pulsed Radar for Automotive Application","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2953305","article-title":"Phase-coded FMCW Automotive Radar: System Design and Interference Mitigation","volume":"69","author":"Uysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"194","article-title":"Wiener filter based automotive millimeter wave radar interference adaptive reduction","volume":"35","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electron. Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2006.890223","article-title":"Mutual Interference of Millimeter-Wave Radar Systems","volume":"49","author":"Brooker","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2881154","article-title":"An interference mitigation technique for FMCW radar using beat-frequencies interpolation in the STFT domain","volume":"67","author":"Neemat","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, J., Lim, S., Kim, J., Kim, S.C., and Lee, S. (2020, January 28\u201330). Interference Suppression and Signal Restoration Using Kalman Filter in Automotive Radar Systems. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Radar Conference (RADAR), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR42522.2020.9114723"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2021.3090798","article-title":"Matrix-Pencil Approach-Based Interference Mitigation for FMCW Radar Systems","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2961235","article-title":"Mutual Interference Suppression Using Wavelet Denoising in Automotive FMCW Radar Systems","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2901493","article-title":"Automotive Radar Interference Mitigation using Adaptive Noise Canceller","volume":"68","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2020.0092","article-title":"Iterative modified threshold method based on EMD for interference suppression in FMCW radars","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5270","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2021.3121322","article-title":"An Interference Mitigation Technique for Automotive Millimeter Wave Radars in the Tunable Q-Factor Wavelet Transform Domain","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5846","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2884637","article-title":"Synchronous and asynchronous radar interference mitigation","volume":"7","author":"Uysal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2047910","article-title":"Fast image recovery using variable splitting and constrained optimization","volume":"19","author":"Afonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3062452","article-title":"Resource-Efficient Deep Neural Networks for Automotive Radar Interference Mitigation","volume":"15","author":"Rock","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union (2018). Systems Characteristics of Automotive Radars Operating in the Frequency Band 76\u201381 GHz for Intelligent Transport Systems Applications, International Telecommunication Union. Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Service."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"707","article-title":"Design of Noise Transfer Functions for Delta\u2013Sigma Modulators Using the Least-pth Norm","volume":"66","author":"Kidambi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4817\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:16Z","timestamp":1760143216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14194817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14194817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}}}