{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T17:48:32Z","timestamp":1775929712030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Vietnam","award":["N\u0110T\/AU\/21\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u0110T\/AU\/21\/15"]}]},{"name":"statutory activities of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["N\u0110T\/AU\/21\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u0110T\/AU\/21\/15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlorophyll-a is one of the most important water quality parameters that can be observed by satellite imagery. It plays a significant function in the aquatic environments of rapidly developing coastal cities such as Ha Long City, Vietnam. Urban population growth, coal mining, and tourist activities have affected the water quality of Ha Long Bay. This work uses Sentinel-2\/Multispectral Instrument (MSI) imagery data to a calibrated ocean chlorophyll 2-band (OC-2) model to retrieve chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration in the bay from 2019 to 2021. The variability of chlorophyll-a during seasons over the study area was inter-compared. The chlorophyll-a concentration was mapped by analyzing the time series of water cover on the Google Earth Engine platform. The results show that the OC-2 model was calibrated well to the conditions of the study areas. The calibrated model accuracy increased nearly double compared with the uncalibrated OC-2 model. The seasonal assessment of chl-a concentration showed that the phytoplankton (algae) developed well in cold weather during fall and winter. Spatially, algae grew densely inside and in the surroundings of aquaculture, urban, and tourist zones. In contrast, coal mining activities did not result in algae development. We recommend using the Sentinel-2 data for seawater quality monitoring and assessment. Future work might focus on model calibration with a longer time simulation and more in situ measured data. Moreover, manual atmospheric correction of optical remote sensing is crucial for coastal environmental studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1664335837000},"page":"4822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment of Human-Induced Effects on Sea\/Brackish Water Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Ha Long Bay of Vietnam with Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7657-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Hong","family":"Quang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9686-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh Nguyen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra 2601, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt","family":"Paget","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra 2601, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Anstee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra 2601, Australia"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Duc","family":"Viet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space and Applications, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science & Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-2637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Nones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology and Hydrodynamics, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu Anh","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam National Space Center (VNSC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2009.02368.x","article-title":"Multiple stressors on water availability at global to catchment scales: Understanding human impact on nutrient cycles to protect water quality and water availability in the long term","volume":"55","author":"Heathwaite","year":"2010","journal-title":"Freshw. 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