{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:54:57Z","timestamp":1766138097147,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["337127","331711","337810","346383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337127","331711","337810","346383"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Forest\u2013Human\u2013Machine Interplay flagship of science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["337127","331711","337810","346383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337127","331711","337810","346383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Density4Trees project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["337127","331711","337810","346383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337127","331711","337810","346383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Scan4erstEcosystem Research Infrastructure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["337127","331711","337810","346383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337127","331711","337810","346383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tree crown, with its functionality of assimilation, respiration, and transpiration, is a key forest ecosystem structure, resulting in high demand for characterizing tree crown structure and growth on a spatiotemporal scale. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) was found to be useful in measuring the structural properties associated with individual tree crowns. However, established ALS-assisted monitoring frameworks are still limited. The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of detecting species-specific individual tree crown growth by means of airborne laser scanning (ALS) measurements in 2009 (T1) and 2014 (T2). Our study was conducted in southern Finland over 91 sample plots with a size of 32 \u00d7 32 m. The ALS crown metrics of width (WD), projection area (A2D), volume (V), and surface area (A3D) were derived for species-specific individually matched trees in T1 and T2. The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), and birch (Betula sp.) were the three species groups that studied. We found a high capability of bi-temporal ALS measurements in the detection of species-specific crown growth (\u0394), especially for the 3D crown metrics of V and A3D, with Cohen\u2019s D values of 1.09\u20131.46 (p-value &lt; 0.0001). Scots pine was observed to have the highest relative crown growth (r\u0394) and showed statistically significant differences with Norway spruce and birch in terms of r\u0394WD, r\u0394A2D, r\u0394V, and r\u0394A3D at a 95% confidence interval. Meanwhile, birch and Norway spruce had no statistically significant differences in r\u0394WD, r\u0394V, and r\u0394A3D (p-value &lt; 0.0001). However, the amount of r\u0394 variability that could be explained by the species was only 2\u20135%. This revealed the complex nature of growth controlled by many biotic and abiotic factors other than species. Our results address the great potential of ALS data in crown growth detection that can be used for growth studies at large scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"4845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Feasibility of Bi-Temporal Airborne Laser Scanning Data in Detecting Species-Specific Individual Tree Crown Growth of Boreal Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Poorazimy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5693-3163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghasem","family":"Ronoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5545-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, 02430 Masala, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville","family":"Luoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, 02430 Masala, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2730-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninni","family":"Saarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Kankare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Vastaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(99)00137-4","article-title":"Modelling the Response of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of Boreal Forest Ecosystems to Changes in Climate and Fire Disturbance Regimes","volume":"122","author":"Peng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. 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