{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T05:30:21Z","timestamp":1775367021320,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFB0504500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504500"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41901295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901295"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["72088101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72088101"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020JJ5708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5708"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41930108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930108"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41901295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72088101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72088101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ5708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41930108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Science-Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFB0504500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504500"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science-Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41901295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901295"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science-Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72088101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72088101"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science-Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020JJ5708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5708"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science-Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41930108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930108"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["2018YFB0504500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504500"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["41901295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901295"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["72088101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72088101"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["2020JJ5708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5708"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["41930108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930108"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018YFB0504500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504500"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41901295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41901295"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["72088101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72088101"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020JJ5708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ5708"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41930108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of LiDAR technology in recent years, high-resolution LiDAR data possess a great capability to describe fine surface morphology in detail; thus, differencing multi-temporal datasets becomes a powerful tool to explain the surface deformation process. Compared with other differencing methods, ICP algorithms can directly estimate 3D displacements and rotations; thus, surface deformation parameters can be obtained by aligning window point clouds. However, the traditional ICP algorithm usually requires a good initial pose of the point cloud and relies on calculating the spatial distance to match the corresponding points, which can easily lead the algorithm to the local optimum. To address the above problems, we introduced the color information of the point cloud and proposed an improved ICP method that fuses RGB (RGB-ICP) to reduce the probability of matching errors by filtering color-associated point pairs, thus improving the alignment accuracy. Through simulated experiments, the ability of the two algorithms to estimate 3D deformation was compared, and the RGB-ICP algorithm could significantly reduce the deformation deviation (30\u201395%) in the three-dimensional direction. In addition, the RGB-ICP algorithm was applicable to different terrain structures, especially for smooth terrain, where the improvement was the most effective in the horizontal direction. Finally, it is worth believing that the RGB-ICP algorithm can play a unique role in surface change detection and provide a reliable basis for explaining the surface motion process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"4851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["RGB-ICP Method to Calculate Ground Three-Dimensional Deformation Based on Point Cloud from Airborne LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengting","family":"Sang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Predication, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7930-9147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Predication, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Predication, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s41324-020-00344-8","article-title":"A review on surface deformation evaluation using multitemporal SAR interferometry techniques","volume":"29","author":"Besoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spat. Inf. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042030","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/861\/4\/042030","article-title":"Research review of large deformation monitoring of rock and soil","volume":"861","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, P., and Chen, Q. (2017). LiDAR Remote Sensing and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351233354"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106121","article-title":"The relationship between atmospheric boundary layer and temperature inversion layer and their aerosol capture capabilities","volume":"271","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4108112","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3176134","article-title":"A method for estimating the background column concentration of CO2 using the lagrangian approach","volume":"60","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, B., Yang, J., Song, S., Shi, S., Gong, W., Wang, A., and Du, L. (2022). Target classification of similar spatial characteristics in complex urban areas by using multispectral LiDAR. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010238"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.03.008","article-title":"High-resolution topography for understanding Earth surface processes: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"216","author":"Tarolli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86801","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/76\/8\/086801","article-title":"Geodetic imaging with airborne LiDAR: The Earth\u2019s surface revealed","volume":"76","author":"Glennie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Geist, T., Lutz, E., and St\u00f6tter, J. (2003). Airborne Laser Scanning Technology and Its Potential for Applications in Glaciology. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Innsbruck]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.012","article-title":"Uncertainty assessment of multi-temporal airborne laser scanning data: A case study on an Alpine glacier","volume":"127","author":"Joerg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB011988","article-title":"High-resolution TanDEM-X DEM: An accurate method to estimate lava flow volumes at Nyamulagira Volcano (DR Congo)","volume":"120","author":"Albino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068495","article-title":"Lidar surveys reveal eruptive volumes and rates at Etna, 2007\u20132010","volume":"43","author":"Behncke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.11.023","article-title":"The use of multi temporal LiDAR to assess basin-scale erosion and deposition following the catastrophic January 2011 Lockyer flood, SE Queensland, Australia","volume":"184","author":"Croke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.08.011","article-title":"Assessing debris flows using LiDAR differencing: 18 May 2005 Matata event, New Zealand","volume":"124","author":"Bull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.05.011","article-title":"Assessment of beach and dune erosion and accretion using LiDAR: Impact of the stormy 2013\u201314 winter and longer term trends on the Sefton Coast, UK","volume":"266","author":"Pye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.16.4.315","article-title":"Analysis of elevation changes detected from multi-temporal LiDAR surveys in forested landslide terrain in western Oregon","volume":"16","author":"Burns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2234","article-title":"Multitemporal ALSM change detection, sediment delivery, and process mapping at an active earthflow","volume":"37","author":"DeLong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133313515293","article-title":"Mapping landslide displacements using Structure from Motion (SfM) and image correlation of multi-temporal UAV photography","volume":"38","author":"Lucieer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213778","article-title":"Near-field deformation from the El Mayor\u2013Cucapah earthquake revealed by differential LiDAR","volume":"335","author":"Oskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.08.031","article-title":"Coseismic fault zone deformation revealed with differential lidar: Examples from Japanese Mw\u223c 7 intraplate earthquakes","volume":"405","author":"Nissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.06.048","article-title":"Highly variable coastal deformation in the 2016 Mw7. 8 Kaik\u014dura earthquake reflects rupture complexity along a transpressional plate boundary","volume":"474","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2765601","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of near-field deformation with airborne Earth observation data, a comparison study","volume":"56","author":"Ekhtari","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB016828","article-title":"Extent of low-angle normal slip in the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah (Mexico) earthquake from differential lidar","volume":"124","author":"Lajoie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JB019762","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB019762","article-title":"Creep along the Central San Andreas Fault from surface fractures, topographic differencing, and InSAR","volume":"125","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108781","article-title":"Three-dimensional estimation of deciduous forest canopy structure and leaf area using multi-directional, leaf-on and leaf-off airborne lidar data","volume":"314","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"A New Algorithm for Himawari-8 Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval by Integrating Regional PM2.5 Concentrations","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wheaton, J.M. (2008). Uncertainity in Morphological Sediment Budgeting of Rivers. Original typescript. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton]."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"420","article-title":"Fault kinematics and surface deformation across a releasing bend during the 2010 MW 7.1 Darfield, New Zealand, earthquake revealed by differential LiDAR and cadastral surveying","volume":"125","author":"Duffy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384623","article-title":"Theory of cross-correlation analysis of PIV images","volume":"49","author":"Keane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leprince, S., Ayoub, F., Klinger, Y., and Avouac, J.-P. (2017, January 23\u201328). Co-registration of optically sensed images and correlation (COSI-Corr): An operational methodology for ground deformation measurements. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423207"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B2-35-2016","article-title":"Airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) derived deformation from the MW 6.0 24 August, 2014 South Napa earthquake estimated by two and three dimensional point cloud change detection techniques","volume":"41","author":"Lydaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.102929","article-title":"Airborne lidar change detection: An overview of Earth sciences applications","volume":"198","author":"Okyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-011-2106-7","article-title":"Estimation of ground deformation caused by the earthquake (M7. 2) in Japan, 2008, from the geomorphic image analysis of high resolution LiDAR DEMs","volume":"8","author":"Mukoyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Besl, P.J., and McKay, N.D. (1991, January 12\u201315). Method for registration of 3-D shapes. Proceedings of the Sensor fusion IV: Control paradigms and data structures, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(92)90066-C","article-title":"Object modelling by registration of multiple range images","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nissen, E., Krishnan, A.K., Arrowsmith, J.R., and Saripalli, S. (2012). Three-dimensional surface displacements and rotations from differencing pre-and post-earthquake LiDAR point clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052460"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL059919","article-title":"Optimization of legacy lidar data sets for measuring near-field earthquake displacements","volume":"41","author":"Glennie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6138","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB015581","article-title":"The M7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake: 3-D deformation along the fault and within the damage zone constrained from differential lidar topography","volume":"123","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082202","article-title":"The 2016 M7 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake slip field derived from a joint inversion of differential lidar topography, optical correlation, and InSAR surface displacements","volume":"46","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7362","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2963987","article-title":"Color point cloud registration based on supervoxel correspondence","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ieee Access"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(98)00117-6","article-title":"Registration and integration of textured 3D data","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Korn, M., Holzkothen, M., and Pauli, J. Color supported generalized-ICP. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01427149","article-title":"Iterative point matching for registration of free-form curves and surfaces","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comgeo.2005.08.003","article-title":"Approximate range searching using binary space partitions","volume":"33","author":"Streppel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1987.4767965","article-title":"Least-squares fitting of two 3-D point sets","volume":"PAMI-9","author":"Arun","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.5.001127","article-title":"Closed-form solution of absolute orientation using orthonormal matrices","volume":"5","author":"Horn","year":"1988","journal-title":"JOSA A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/1049-9660(91)90036-O","article-title":"Estimating 3-D location parameters using dual number quaternions","volume":"54","author":"Walker","year":"1991","journal-title":"CVGIP Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"22","article-title":"Analysis on the reliability of terrain matching algorithm based on ICP","volume":"22","author":"Chengxiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Shenzhen Univ. (Sci. Technol.)"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Rusinkiewicz, S., and Levoy, M. Efficient variants of the ICP algorithm. Proceedings of the Proceedings third international conference on 3-D digital imaging and modeling."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Liu, X., Li, L., and Wang, W. (2019). Intensity-assisted ICP for fast registration of 2D-LiDAR. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092124"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/gmod.1999.0519","article-title":"Surface reconstruction and display from range and color data","volume":"62","author":"Pulli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Graph. Models"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Wang, Y., Huang, D., and Zhang, Z. (2012, January 9\u201313). Recognizing occluded 3D faces using an efficient ICP variant. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2012.158"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.08.047","article-title":"Adaptive weighted robust iterative closest point","volume":"508","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2015.03.022","article-title":"Efficient sparse icp","volume":"35","author":"Mavridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Geom. Des."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., and Zhao, Z. (2017, January 20\u201322). A survey of iterative closest point algorithm. Proceedings of the 2017 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), Jinan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC.2017.8243553"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2398317","article-title":"Change detection from differential airborne LiDAR using a weighted anisotropic iterative closest point algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"\u0141\u0119picka, M., Kornuta, T., and Stefa\u0144czyk, M. (2015, January 25\u201327). Utilization of colour in ICP-based point cloud registration. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Recognition Systems CORES 2015, Wroclaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Men, H., Gebre, B., and Pochiraju, K. (2011, January 9\u201313). Color point cloud registration with 4D ICP algorithm. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980407"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takimoto, R.Y., Tsuzuki, M.S., Vogelaar, R., Martins, T.C., Iwao, Y., Gotoh, T., Kagei, S., Gallo, G.B., Garcia, M.A., and Tiba, H. (2014, January 27\u201330). Shape reconstruction from multiple RGB-D point cloud registration. Proceedings of the 2014 12th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Porto Alegre, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2014.6945537"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhee, S.-M., Lee, Y.B., and Lee, H.-E. (2014, January 10\u201313). Two-pass icp with color constraint for noisy rgb-d point cloud registration. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE.2014.6775921"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1130\/GES02259.1","article-title":"Measuring change at Earth\u2019s surface: On-demand vertical and three-dimensional topographic differencing implemented in OpenTopography","volume":"17","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomerleau, F., Magnenat, S., Colas, F., Liu, M., and Siegwart, R. (2011, January 25\u201330). Tracking a depth camera: Parameter exploration for fast ICP. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2011.6048545"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attia, M., and Slama, Y. (2017, January 17\u201321). Efficient initial guess determination based on 3D point cloud projection for ICP algorithms. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on High Performance Computing & Simulation (HPCS), Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCS.2017.122"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Zhou, Q.-Y., and Koltun, V. (2017, January 22\u201329). Colored point cloud registration revisited. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.25"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Q., Yao, Y., Gui, P., and Lin, Y. (2016, January 13\u201315). An improved ICP algorithm for kinect point cloud registration. Proceedings of the 2016 12th International Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD), Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2016.7603507"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B., and Lee, D.D. (2016, January 16\u201321). Learning anisotropic ICP (LA-ICP) for robust and efficient 3D registration. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487709"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.09.013","article-title":"3D change detection\u2013approaches and applications","volume":"122","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2019.1701211","article-title":"Improved Iterative Closest Point (ICP) 3D point cloud registration algorithm based on point cloud filtering and adaptive fireworks for coarse registration","volume":"41","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4851\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:30Z","timestamp":1760143290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14194851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14194851","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]}}}