{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:14:47Z","timestamp":1760231687982,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"MEXT Coordination Funds for Promoting AeroSpace Utilization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJ000959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ000959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-epoch double-differenced pseudorange observation (MDPO) is a dual-satellite lunar navigation algorithm specially designed for a precursor mission, using a minimum number of lunar orbiting small satellites to realize a GNSS-like radio navigation system for the Moon. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the MDPO algorithm by using real pseudorange measurements obtained from a pair of GNSS ground stations, one of which represented a lander, and the other a rover on the Moon. It was natural that the resulting positioning accuracy varied largely by satellite geometry, but the estimated error distributions of the double-differenced pseudorange observations were consistent and agreed with the predicted value. The results showed that the MDPO algorithm worked properly with the real GNSS observables and was capable of providing the expected navigation performance for future lunar exploration missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T04:09:36Z","timestamp":1664424576000},"page":"4856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance Evaluation of Multi-Epoch Double-Differenced Pseudorange Observation Method Using GNSS Ground Stations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Takuji","family":"Ebinuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautics and Aeronautics, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, College of Technology, University of Houston, 306 Technology 2 Bldg., Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Johnson, K. (2022). Fly Me to the Moon: Worldwide Cislunar and Lunar Missions, Center for Strategic and International Studies.","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"Paul, D.S. (2016). The Value of the Moon: How to Explore, Live, and Prosper in Space Using the Moon\u2019s Resources, Smithsonian Books.","key":"ref_2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Israel, D.J., Mauldin, K.D., Roberts, C.J., Mitchell, J.W., Pulkkinen, A.A., La Vida, D.C., and Gramling, C.J. (2020, January 7\u201314). Lunanet: A flexible and extensible lunar exploration communications and navigation infrastructure. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO47225.2020.9172509"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano, P., Malman, F., Swinden, R., Zoccarato, P., and Ventura-Traveset, J. (2022, January 25\u201327). The Lunar Pathfinder PNT Experiment and Moonlight Navigation Service: The Future of Lunar Position, Navigation and Timing. Proceedings of the 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, CA, USA.","key":"ref_4","DOI":"10.33012\/2022.18225"},{"unstructured":"Iiyama, K. (2019, January 15\u201321). Optimization of Navigation Satellite Constellation and Lunar Monitoring Station Arrangement for Lunar Global Navigation Satellite System (LGNSS). Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Space Technology and Science (ISTS), Fukui, Japan.","key":"ref_5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, T., Ebinuma, T., and Nakasuka, S. (2020). Dual-Satellite Lunar Global Navigation System Using Multi-Epoch Double-Differenced Pseudorange Observations. Aerospace, 7.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace7090122"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, T., Ebinuma, T., Nakasuka, S., and Malki, H. (2021). A Comparative Analysis of Multi-epoch Double-differenced Pseudorange Observation and Other Dual-Satellite Lunar Global Navigation Systems. Aerospace, 8.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace8070191"},{"unstructured":"(2022, September 10). The LROC Team Computed the Coordinates of China\u2019s Chang\u2019e 5 Lander. Available online: http:\/\/lroc.sese.asu.edu\/posts\/1172?fbclid=IwAR3fNoQuFQEmT6vSGh24yGPyRJAmpIfOln64IJCJg0bxC_A_dV6DNaCLJz0.","key":"ref_8"},{"unstructured":"Kawabata, Y., Kakihara, K., Naresi, N., Campagnola, S., Ozaki, N., Chikazawa, T., Oguri, K., and Funase, R. (2019, January 15\u201321). Navigation Analysis for Launch and Early Operation Phase: EQUULEUS. Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Space Technology and Science (ISTS), Fukui, Japan.","key":"ref_9"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03256476","article-title":"Constellations of elliptical inclined lunar orbits providing polar and global coverage","volume":"54","author":"Ely","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Astronaut. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murata, M., Kawano, I., and Kogure, S. (2022, January 25\u201327). Lunar Navigation Satellite System and Positioning Accuracy Evaluation. Proceedings of the 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, CA, USA.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.33012\/2022.18220"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"20","article-title":"Measuring GNSS Signal Strength","volume":"5","author":"Joseph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirro, S. (1993). System Outline. Satellite Communication System Design, Springer.","key":"ref_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3006-0"},{"unstructured":"Space Frequency Coordination Group Communication and Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Frequency Allocations and Sharing in the Lunar Region, REC SFCG 32-2R3, 10 December 2021, pp. 1\u20139.","key":"ref_14"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:39Z","timestamp":1760143299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14194856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14194856","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]}}}