{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T13:38:40Z","timestamp":1772890720055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["434838\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434838\/2018-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312608\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312608\/2021-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["434838\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434838\/2018-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312608\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312608\/2021-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Secretariat for Coordination and Governance of the Union\u2019s Heritage","award":["434838\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["434838\/2018-7"]}]},{"name":"Secretariat for Coordination and Governance of the Union\u2019s Heritage","award":["312608\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312608\/2021-7"]}]},{"name":"Secretariat for Coordination and Governance of the Union\u2019s Heritage","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The state of Amap\u00e1 within the Amazon biome has a high complexity of ecosystems formed by forests, savannas, seasonally flooded vegetation, mangroves, and different land uses. The present research aimed to map the vegetation from the phenological behavior of the Sentinel-1 time series, which has the advantage of not having atmospheric interference and cloud cover. Furthermore, the study compared three different sets of images (vertical\u2013vertical co-polarization (VV) only, vertical\u2013horizontal cross-polarization (VH) only, and both VV and VH) and different classifiers based on deep learning (long short-term memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), Bidirectional GRU (Bi-GRU)) and machine learning (Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Multilayer Perceptron). The time series englobed four years (2017\u20132020) with a 12-day revisit, totaling 122 images for each VV and VH polarization. The methodology presented the following steps: image pre-processing, temporal filtering using the Savitsky\u2013Golay smoothing method, collection of samples considering 17 classes, classification using different methods and polarization datasets, and accuracy analysis. The combinations of the VV and VH pooled dataset with the Bidirectional Recurrent Neuron Networks methods led to the greatest F1 scores, Bi-GRU (93.53) and Bi-LSTM (93.29), followed by the other deep learning methods, GRU (93.30) and LSTM (93.15). Among machine learning, the two methods with the highest F1-score values were SVM (92.18) and XGBoost (91.98). Therefore, phenological variations based on long Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) time series allow the detailed representation of land cover\/land use and water dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T23:09:29Z","timestamp":1664492969000},"page":"4858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Comparing Machine and Deep Learning Methods for the Phenology-Based Classification of Land Cover Types in the Amazon Biome Using Sentinel-1 Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ivo Augusto Lopes","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0346-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osmar Ab\u00edlio","family":"de Carvalho J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5619-8525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osmar Luiz Ferreira","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancia da Computa\u00e7\u00e3o, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-7583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anesmar Olino","family":"de Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Potira Meirelles","family":"Hermuche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2155-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9der Renato","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Arnaldo Trancoso","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato Fontes","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/botlinnean\/boaa025","article-title":"Beyond forests in the Amazon: Biogeography and floristic relationships of the Amazonian savannas","volume":"193","author":"Devecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bot. 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