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Foundation","award":["42074187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074187"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2018YFC1503506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1503506"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["6142403180204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142403180204"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2019CFA054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019CFA054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On the basis of 12 years of the European Centre for Mesoscale Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis dataset, we statistically analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of lower atmospheric ducts over the seas around China, and we investigated the possible generation mechanisms. The results show that the ducts\u2019 occurrence had obvious seasonal and regional variations. Ducting events were more likely to occur in spring and summer, and the maximum occurrence rate reached 45.6%, which was closely related to the East Asian monsoon. The ducts\u2019 altitude in continental coastal areas was lower than that far from the coast due to the dominance of surface ducts. The ducts\u2019 thickness varied between 50 m and 450 m, and the thicker ducts were mainly concentrated in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean on the east side of the East China Sea near the Philippines and Taiwan. Except for a few areas, the ducts\u2019 intensity was less than 10 M-units (an M-unit is the unit of atmospheric modified refractivity) and the diurnal variations were less pronounced. The duct formation in the lower atmosphere was related to factors such as monsoons, tropical cyclones, ocean currents, radiative cooling, and sea\u2013land breezes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T23:09:29Z","timestamp":1664492969000},"page":"4864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Statistical Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Lower Atmospheric Ducts over the Seas Adjacent to China, Based on the ECMWF Reanalysis Dataset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Jinze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"An introduction to radio ducting","volume":"117","author":"Turton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Meteorol. 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