{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T07:39:15Z","timestamp":1773733155084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42075139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41305138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41305138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M621700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JJ30773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42075139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41305138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41305138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M621700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JJ30773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["42075139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075139"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["41305138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41305138"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["2017M621700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621700"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation","award":["2021JJ30773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30773"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP)","award":["42075139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075139"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP)","award":["41305138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41305138"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP)","award":["2017M621700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M621700"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP)","award":["2021JJ30773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to monitor and predict sea temperature is crucial for determining the likelihood that ocean-related events will occur. However, most studies have focused on predicting sea surface temperature, and less attention has been paid to predicting sea subsurface temperature (SSbT), which can reflect the thermal state of the entire ocean. In this study, we use a 3D U-Net model to predict the SSbT in the upper 400 m of the Pacific Ocean and its adjacent oceans for lead times of 12 months. Two reconstructed SSbT products are added to the training set to solve the problem of insufficient observation data. Experimental results indicate that this method can predict the ocean temperature more accurately than previous methods in most depth layers. The root mean square error and mean absolute error of the predicted SSbT fields for all lead times are within 0.5\u20130.7 \u00b0C and 0.3\u20130.45 \u00b0C, respectively, while the average correlation coefficient scores of the predicted SSbT profiles are above 0.96 for almost all lead times. In addition, a case study qualitatively demonstrates that the 3D U-Net model can predict realistic SSbT variations in the study area and, thus, facilitate understanding of future changes in the thermal state of the subsurface ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"4890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Spatiotemporal Prediction of Monthly Sea Subsurface Temperature Fields Using a 3D U-Net-Based Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7562-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nengli","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410005, China"}]},{"given":"Zeming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410005, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410005, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2272-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Mailbox No. 5111, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5467.847","article-title":"Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds","volume":"288","author":"Wentz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3304","article-title":"Distinct global warming rates tied to multiple ocean surface temperature changes","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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