{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:19:08Z","timestamp":1780928348352,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB390110302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB390110302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep learning-based semantic segmentation technology is widely applied in remote sensing and has achieved excellent performance in remote sensing image target extraction. Greenhouses play an important role in the development of agriculture in China. However, the rapid expansion of greenhouses has had a series of impacts on the environment. Therefore, the extraction of large-scale greenhouses is crucial for the sustainable development of agriculture and environmental governance. It is difficult for existing methods to acquire precise boundaries. Therefore, we propose a spatial convolutional long short-term memory structure, which can fully consider the spatial continuity of ground objects. We use multitask learning to improve the network\u2019s ability to extract image boundaries and promote convergence through auxiliary loss. We propose a superpixel optimization module to optimize the main-branch results of network semantic segmentation using more precise boundaries obtained by advanced superpixel segmentation techniques. Compared with other mainstream methods, our proposed structure can better consider spatial information and obtain more accurate results. We chose Shandong Province, China, as the study area and used Gaofen-1 satellite remote sensing images to create a new greenhouse dataset. Our method achieved an F1 score of 77%, a significant improvement over mainstream semantic segmentation networks, and it could extract greenhouse results with more precise boundaries. We also completed large-scale greenhouse mapping for Shandong Province, and the results show that our proposed modules have great potential in greenhouse extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"4908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Convolutional Neural Network for Large-Scale Greenhouse Extraction from Satellite Images Considering Spatial Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4293-6459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengchao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1429-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Application Center for Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Application Center for Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5567-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6322-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airborne Remote Sensing Center, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics (2022, June 29). 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