{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:33:37Z","timestamp":1773048817100,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2018\/08057-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/08057-5"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["NA20OAR4320472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA20OAR4320472"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["#2020\/01416-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/01416-0"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014FCT)","award":["#2018\/08057-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/08057-5"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014FCT)","award":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014FCT)","award":["NA20OAR4320472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA20OAR4320472"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\u2014FCT)","award":["#2020\/01416-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/01416-0"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a Cooperative Institute of the University of Miami and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","award":["#2018\/08057-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/08057-5"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a Cooperative Institute of the University of Miami and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","award":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a Cooperative Institute of the University of Miami and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","award":["NA20OAR4320472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA20OAR4320472"]}]},{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a Cooperative Institute of the University of Miami and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","award":["#2020\/01416-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/01416-0"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP postdoc scholarship","award":["#2018\/08057-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018\/08057-5"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP postdoc scholarship","award":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-OCE\/31325\/2017RD0504"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP postdoc scholarship","award":["NA20OAR4320472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA20OAR4320472"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP postdoc scholarship","award":["#2020\/01416-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/01416-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we analyze the surface winds of ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis in the Atlantic Ocean. The first part addresses a reanalysis validation, studying the spatial distribution of the errors and the performance as a function of the percentiles, with a further investigation under cyclonic conditions. The second part proposes and compares two calibration models, a simple least-squares linear regression (LR) and the quantile mapping method (QM). Our results indicate that ERA5 provides high-quality winds for non-extreme conditions, especially at the eastern boundaries, with bias between \u22120.5 and 0.3 m\/s and RMSE below 1.5 m\/s. The reanalysis errors are site-dependent, where large RMSE and severe underestimation are found in tropical latitudes and locations following the warm currents. The most extreme winds in tropical cyclones show the worst results, with RMSE above 5 m\/s. Apart from these areas, the strong winds at extratropical locations are well represented. The bias-correction models have proven to be very efficient in removing systematic bias. The LR works well for low-to-mild wind intensities while the QM is better for the upper percentiles and winds above 15 m\/s\u2014an improvement of 10% in RMSE and 50% for the bias compared to the original reanalysis is reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"4918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Assessment and Calibration of ERA5 Severe Winds in the Atlantic Ocean Using Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9268-3552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo M.","family":"Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"},{"name":"NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3919-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina B.","family":"Gramcianinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Coastal Systems Analysis and Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Stra\u00dfe 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Mat\u00e3o 1226, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9425-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"de Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Mat\u00e3o 1226, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"da Silva Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Rua do Mat\u00e3o 1226, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2007.05.005","article-title":"Wave modelling-The state of the art","volume":"75","author":"Cavaleri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. 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