{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T19:50:43Z","timestamp":1768593043039,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As there is an urgent need to protect rapidly declining global diversity, it is important to identify methods to quickly estimate the diversity and heterogeneity of a region and effectively implement monitoring and conservation plans. The combination of remotely sensed and field-collected data, under the paradigm of the Spectral Variation Hypothesis (SVH), represents one of the most promising approaches to boost large-scale and reliable biodiversity monitoring practices. Here, the potential of SVH to capture information on plant diversity at a fine scale in an ecological network (EN) embedded in a complex landscape has been tested using two new and promising methodological approaches: the first estimates \u03b1 and \u03b2 spectral diversity and the latter ecosystem spectral heterogeneity expressed as Rao\u2019s Quadratic heterogeneity measure (Rao\u2019s Q). Both approaches are available thanks to two brand-new R packages: \u201cbiodivMapR\u201d and \u201crasterdiv\u201d. Our aims were to investigate if spectral diversity and heterogeneity provide reliable information to assess and monitor over time floristic diversity maintained in an EN selected as an example and located in northeast Italy. We analyzed and compared spectral and taxonomic \u03b1 and \u03b2 diversities and spectral and landscape heterogeneity, based on field-based plant data collection and remotely sensed data from Sentinel-2A, using different statistical approaches. We observed a positive relationship between taxonomic and spectral diversity and also between spectral heterogeneity, landscape heterogeneity, and the amount of alien species in relation to the native ones, reaching a value of R2 = 0.36 and R2 = 0.43, respectively. Our results confirmed the effectiveness of estimating and mapping \u03b1 and \u03b2 spectral diversity and ecosystem spectral heterogeneity using remotely sensed images. Moreover, we highlighted that spectral diversity values become more effective to identify biodiversity-rich areas, representing the most important diversity hotspots to be preserved. Finally, the spectral heterogeneity index in anthropogenic landscapes could be a powerful method to identify those areas most at risk of biological invasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"4933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Use of Remote Sensing Techniques to Estimate Plant Diversity within Ecological Networks: A Worked Example"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1070-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Liccari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4531-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizia","family":"Sigura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bacaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, S., Settele, J., Brond\u00edzio, E.S., Ngo, H.T., Gu\u00e8ze, M., Agard, J., Arneth, A., Balvanera, P., Brauman, K.A., and Butchart, S.H.M. (2019). Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES Secretariat."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"How essential biodiversity variables and remote sensing can help national biodiversity monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Vihervaara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. 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