{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:13:22Z","timestamp":1773382402297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Funds","award":["62001451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001451"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Funds","award":["D040114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D040114"]}]},{"name":"Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Program","award":["62001451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001451"]}]},{"name":"Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Program","award":["D040114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D040114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coherent change detection is a technology that utilizes phase information in complex-valued synthetic aperture radar images. It is mostly used to detect subtle changes that cannot be detected by amplitude images on the ground, and it also has excellent detection performance when it comes to low-coherence typical changed areas. However, due to its high sensitivity to changes, this technology will falsely detect areas of natural change such as vegetation disturbance, river flow, and low signal-to-noise ratio areas (e.g., uninteresting areas) as changes, resulting in false-alarm interference areas. In order to tackle this problem, this paper studies a coherent change detection method based on multi-scale analysis to extract typical changed areas in complicated scenes. The method uses an equal variance coherence estimator to calculate the coherence value, separates the interference areas and the typical changed areas using a multi-scale method, and then extracts a binary image of the typical changed areas through noise filtering and threshold segmentation. The method in this paper is experimentally verified with publicly available Airbus spaceborne SAR data, and ESAR airborne data, which is provided by the ESA. The experimental results are visualized and quantitatively evaluated. Through the results, by calculating the probability of correct classification and false-positive and other performance parameters, as well as drawing the receiver operating characteristic curve and the kappa coefficient curve of different threshold values, we find that the method has the capability to suppress the interference areas and the high detection performance of the typical changed areas. The experimental data are complicated scenes that include various types of ground object changes. The results show that the method is effective and universal and can provide reference value for the application of coherent change detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"4986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-Scale Analysis for Coherent Change Detection: A Method for Extracting Typical Changed Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Shiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6800-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2013.2248301","article-title":"A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar","volume":"1","author":"Moreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Bryant, M., and Qiu, R.C. (2012, January 7\u201311). Multi-path SAR change detection. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Radar Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2012.6212257"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908903939","article-title":"Review article digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Preiss, M., and Stacy, N.J.S. (2006). Coherent Change Detection: Theoretical Description and Experimental Results, Defence Science and Technology Organisation."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2572166","article-title":"Coherent change detection using InSAR temporal decorrelation model: A case study for volcanic ash detection","volume":"54","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzouvaras, M., Danezis, C., and Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2020). Small Scale Landslide Detection Using Sentinel-1 Interferometric SAR Coherence. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101560"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human Activity Detection Based on Multipass Airborne InSAR Coherence Matrix","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosc. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer, H., Kuny, S., and Thiele, A. (2021). Enhancing Coherence Images for Coherent Change Detection: An Example on Vehicle Tracks in Airborne SAR Images. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245010"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.8.999","article-title":"Urban change detection based on coherence and intensity characteristics of SAR imagery","volume":"74","author":"Liao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1109\/36.942558","article-title":"The use of ers-1\/2 tandem interferometric coherence in the estimation of agricultural crop heights","volume":"39","author":"Engdahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzoni, M., Monti-Guarnieri, A., and Molinari, M.E. (2021). Joint exploitation of spaceborne SAR images and GIS techniques for urban coherent change detection. Remote Sens. Environ., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112152"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Xiang, M., Wang, R., Xu, W., and Song, C. (2022). Multi-Frequency Interferometric Coherence Characteristics Analysis of Typical Objects for Coherent Change Detection. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071689"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2444092","article-title":"Two-stage change detection for synthetic aperture radar","volume":"53","author":"Cha","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2502219","article-title":"A new maximum-likelihood change estimator for two-pass SAR coherent change detection","volume":"54","author":"Wahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-015-1736-4","article-title":"Man-made change detection using high-resolution Cosmo-Skymed SAR interferometry","volume":"41","author":"Bouaraba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andre, D., Morrison, K., Blacknell, D., Muff, D., Nottingham, M., and Stevenson, C. (2015, January 10\u201315). Very high resolution coherent change detection. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2015.7131074"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, J., and Kogon, S. (2012, January 4\u20137). Probabilistic three-pass SAR coherent change detection. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference Record of the Forty Sixth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2012.6489327"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"7","article-title":"Change detection from remote sensing images","volume":"28","author":"Deren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.09.066","article-title":"A novel multi-scale fusion framework for detail-preserving low-light image enhancement","volume":"548","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"4","article-title":"Employing Multi-scale Fusion for SAR Image Change Detection","volume":"32","author":"Quan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Catelli, F., Guarnieri, A.M., and Prati, C. (1996, January 10\u201313). Coherence estimation of interferometric SAR images. Proceedings of the 1996 8th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 1996), Trieste, Italy. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/7083185."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177690873","article-title":"On the correlation coefficient of a bivariate, equal variance, complex Gaussian sample","volume":"43","author":"Berger","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Wang, B., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., and Kong, F. (2020). A wavelet transform-based image segmentation method. Optik, 208.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.164123"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.029","article-title":"Stationary wavelet transform based ECG signal denoising method","volume":"114","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Tomasi, C., and Manduchi, R. (1998, January 7). Bilateral filtering for gray and color images. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision (IEEE Cat. No. 98CH36271), Bombay, India."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"62","article-title":"Kappa coefficient: A popular measure of rater agreement","volume":"27","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment","volume":"5","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:53Z","timestamp":1760143673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/4986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14194986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14194986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]}}}