{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:21:01Z","timestamp":1779387661256,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021YFC3000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000501"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["42004024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004024"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["41877289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877289"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["PolyU 152164\/18E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152164\/18E"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["PolyU 152233\/19E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152233\/19E"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC3000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42004024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PolyU 152164\/18E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152164\/18E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PolyU 152233\/19E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152233\/19E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["2021YFC3000501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3000501"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["42004024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42004024"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["41877289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877289"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["PolyU 152164\/18E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152164\/18E"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council (RGC) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["PolyU 152233\/19E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 152233\/19E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)-based technologies have become an indispensable part of current structural health monitoring (SHM) systems because of the unique capability of the GNSS technologies to provide accurate real-time displacement information. GNSS equipment with a data sampling rate of up to about 20 Hz has been widely used for this purpose. High-rate GNSS systems (typically up to about 100 Hz) offer additional advantages in structural health monitoring as some highly dynamic civil structures, such as some bridges, require high-rate monitoring data to capture the dynamic behaviors. However, the performance of high-rate GNSS positioning in the context of structural health monitoring is not entirely known, as studies on structural monitoring with high-rate GNSS positioning are very limited, especially considering that some of the satellite systems just reached their full constellations very recently. We carried out a series of experiments with the help of a shaking table to assess the SHM performance of a set of 100 Hz GNSS equipment and three commonly used GNSS positioning techniques, PPP (precise point positioning), PPP-AR (precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution), and RTK (real-time kinematic). We found that the standard deviations of the 100 Hz GNSS displacement solutions derived from PPP, PPP-AR, and RTK techniques were 5.5 mm, 3.6 mm, and 0.8 mm, respectively, when the antenna was in quasi-static motion, and about 9.2 mm, 6.2 mm, and 3.5 mm, respectively, when the antenna was in vibration (up to about 0.7 Hz), under typical urban observational conditions in Hong Kong. We also found that the higher a sampling rate is, the lower the accuracy of a measured displacement series is. On average, the 10 Hz and 100 Hz results are 5.5% and 10.3%, respectively, noisier than the 1 Hz results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14194989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"4989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Experimental Study of Accuracy of High-Rate GNSS in Context of Structural Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8836-4420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangwei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guopeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Geodetic Surveying Bridge of Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5538-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9453(2006)132:3(108)","article-title":"Assessment of dynamic measurement accuracy of GPS in three directions","volume":"132","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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