{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:12:46Z","timestamp":1780675966182,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42176012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130402"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Research Center of the Hadal Biosphere","award":["42076238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42076238"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Research Center of the Hadal Biosphere","award":["42176012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42176012"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Research Center of the Hadal Biosphere","award":["42130402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to include rain effects in wind field retrieval from C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery collected under tropical cyclone conditions. An effective and operationally attractive approach to detect rain cells in SAR imagery is proposed and verified using four Sentinel-1 (S-1) SAR images collected in dual-polarized (vertical-vertical (VV) and vertical-horizontal (VH)) interferometric-wide swath imaging mode during the Satellite Hurricane Observation Campaign. SAR images were collocated with ancillary observations that include sea surface wind and rain rate from the Stepped-Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) on board of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration aircraft. The winds are inverted from VV- and VH-polarized S-1 image using the CMOD5.N and S1IW.NR geophysical model functions (GMFs), respectively. Location and radius of cyclone\u2019s eye, together with the TC central pressure, are calculated from the VV-polarized SAR-derived wind and a parametric model. A cost function is proposed that consists of the difference between the measured VV-polarized SAR normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and the NRCS predicted using CMOD5.N forced with the wind speed retrieved by the VH-polarized SAR images using S1IW.NR GMF and the wind direction retrieved from the patterns visible in the SAR image. This cost function is related to the SFMR rain rate. Experimental results show that the difference between measured and predicted NRCS values range from 0.5 dB to 5 dB within a distance of 100 km from the cyclone\u2019s eye, while the difference increases spanning from 3 dB to 6 dB for distances larger than 100 km. Following this rationale, first the rain bands are extracted from SAR imagery and, then, the composite wind fields are reconstructed by replacing: (1) dual-polarized SAR-derived winds over the rain-free regions; (2) winds simulated using the radial-vortex model over the rain-affected regions. The validation of the composite wind speed against SFMR winds yields a &lt;2 m s\u22121 and &gt;0.7 correlation (COR) at all flow directions up to retrieval speeds of 70 m s\u22121. This result outperforms the winds estimated using the VH-polarized S1IW.NR GMF, which call for high error accuracy, such as about 4 m s\u22121 with a 0.45 COR ranged from 330\u00b0 to 360\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14195006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"5006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Wind Field Retrieval with Rain Correction from Dual-Polarized Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery Collected during Tropical Cyclones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3693-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weizeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technologies, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzhong","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Nunziata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5523-7609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Buono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juncheng","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technologies, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-8018(97)00011-5","article-title":"Observations of the Spectra of Hurricane Generated Waves","volume":"25","author":"Young","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-15-0269.1","article-title":"The Remote Effect of Typhoon Megi (2010) on the Heavy Rainfall over Northeastern Taiwan","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mon. 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