{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T08:04:13Z","timestamp":1775376253696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0608103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0608103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["2020YFA0608103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0608103"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["31770765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770765"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of China","award":["32160366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160366"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The eddy covariance (EC) technique has been widely used as a micrometeorological tool to measure carbon, water and energy exchanges. When utilizing the EC measurements, it is critical to be aware of the long-term information on source areas. In China, large-scale forest plantations have become a dominant driver of greening and carbon sinks on the planet. However, the spatial representativeness of EC measurements on forest plantations is still not well understood. Here, an EC flux site of a coniferous plantation mixed with cropland in a subtropical monsoon climate was selected to evaluate the spatial representativeness of the two approaches. One is the fraction of target vegetation type (FTVT), which was used to detect to what degree the flux is related to the target vegetation. The other is the sensor location bias calculated from the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), which was used to detect to what spatial extent the flux can be upscaled. The results showed that the monthly footprint climatologies changed intensely throughout the year. The source area is biased toward the southeast in summer and northwest in winter. The study area was mainly a composite of coniferous plantations (70.08%) and double-cropped rice (27.83%). The double-cropped rice, with a higher seasonal variation of EVI than the coniferous plantation, was mainly distributed in the eastern areas of the study site. As a result of spatial heterogeneity and footprint variation, the FTVT was 0.89 when the wind direction was southwest; however, this reduced to 0.65 when the wind direction changed to the northeast and exhibited a single-peak seasonal variation during a year. The sensor location bias of the EVI also showed a significant monthly variation and ranged from \u221214.21% to 19.04% in a circular window with an increasing size from 250 to 3000 m. The overlap index between daytime and nighttime (Oday_night) can potentially be a quality flag for the GPP derived from the EC flux data. These findings demonstrate the joint effects of the monsoon climate and underlying surface heterogeneity on the spatial representativeness of the EC measurements. Our study highlights the importance of having footprint awareness in utilizing EC measurements for calibration and validation in monsoon areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14195022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1665371248000},"page":"5022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial Representativeness of Eddy Covariance Measurements in a Coniferous Plantation Mixed with Cropland in Southeastern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources & Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hesong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaofei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Information Engineering, Yiyang Vocational & Technical College, Yiyang 413049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108404","article-title":"Multi-year carbon and water exchanges over contrasting ecosystems on a sub-tropical sand island","volume":"304\u2013305","author":"Lowry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00061-9","article-title":"A Global Terrestrial Monitoring Network Integrating Tower Fluxes, Flask Sampling, Ecosystem Modeling and EOS Satellite Data","volume":"70","author":"Running","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019","article-title":"Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm","volume":"115","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-111-2018","article-title":"Pairing FLUXNET sites to validate model representations of land-use\/land-cover change","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/2017MS000962","article-title":"The Impact of Parametric Uncertainties on Biogeochemistry in the E3SM Land Model","volume":"10","author":"Ricciuto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60018-5","article-title":"Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology","volume":"30","author":"Aubinet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities","volume":"82","author":"Baldocchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(02)00104-1","article-title":"Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation","volume":"113","author":"Law","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14807","article-title":"How eddy covariance flux measurements have contributed to our understanding of Global Change Biology","volume":"26","author":"Baldocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.04.011","article-title":"Improving global terrestrial evapotranspiration estimation using support vector machine by integrating three process-based algorithms","volume":"242","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14729","article-title":"Terrestrial gross primary production: Using NIRV to scale from site to globe","volume":"25","author":"Badgley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.031","article-title":"Coupled estimation of 500 m and 8-day resolution global evapotranspiration and gross primary production in 2002\u20132017","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124050","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abc64e","article-title":"Recent trends in gross primary production and their drivers: Analysis and modelling at flux-site and global scales Environ","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-447-2021","article-title":"Synthesis of global actual evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Elnashar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"108566","article-title":"Long term variation of evapotranspiration and water balance based on upscaling eddy covariance observations over the temperate semi-arid grassland of China","volume":"308\u2013309","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15424","article-title":"A physiology-based Earth observation model indicates stagnation in the global gross primary production during recent decades","volume":"27","author":"Tagesson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Liu, S., Wang, Y., Valbuena, R., Wu, Y., Kutia, M., Zheng, Y., Lu, W., Zhu, Y., and Zhao, M. (2021). Tighten the Bolts and Nuts on GPP Estimations from Sites to the Globe: An Assessment of Remote Sensing Based LUE Models and Supporting Data Fields. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020168"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(98)00119-1","article-title":"Spatial representativeness and the location bias of flux footprints over inhomogeneous areas","volume":"93","author":"Schmid","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of spatial heterogeneity on the validation of remote sensing based GPP estimations","volume":"174\u2013175","author":"Barcza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120530","article-title":"Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation","volume":"50","author":"Schuepp","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(97)00011-7","article-title":"Experimental design for flux measurements: Matching scales of observations and fluxes","volume":"87","author":"Schmid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JAMC1667.1","article-title":"Momentum Transfer within Canopies","volume":"47","author":"Yi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-14-1487-2010","article-title":"Analysis of the energy balance closure over a FLUXNET boreal forest in Finland","volume":"14","author":"Caselles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.007","article-title":"Characterizing spatial representativeness of flux tower eddy-covariance measurements across the Canadian Carbon Program Network using remote sensing and footprint analysis","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Jia, G., Zhang, A., and Miao, C. (2016). Assessment of Spatial Representativeness of Eddy Covariance Flux Data from Flux Tower to Regional Grid. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090742"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.02.004","article-title":"Seasonal variation of source contributions to eddy-covariance CO2 measurements in a mixed hardwood-conifer forest","volume":"253\u2013254","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-16-255-2019","article-title":"Interpreting eddy covariance data from heterogeneous Siberian tundra: Land-cover-specific methane fluxes and spatial representativeness","volume":"16","author":"Tuovinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-6-85-2002","article-title":"The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00004-X","article-title":"Calibration of remotely sensed, coarse resolution NDVI to CO2 fluxes in a sagebrush\u2013steppe ecosystem","volume":"85","author":"Wylie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.004","article-title":"A new model of gross primary productivity for North American ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from MODIS","volume":"112","author":"Sims","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-2943-2010","article-title":"A data-model fusion approach for upscaling gross ecosystem productivity to the landscape scale based on remote sensing and flux footprint modelling","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2021.108350","article-title":"Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance flux footprints for areas surrounding AmeriFlux sites","volume":"301\u2013302","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.09.005","article-title":"Assessing eddy-covariance flux tower location bias across the Fluxnet-Canada Research Network based on remote sensing and footprint modelling","volume":"151","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-357-2010","article-title":"Ecosystem carbon exchanges of a subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation subjected to seasonal drought, 2003\u20132007","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24406","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL050006","article-title":"Rubber plantations act as water pumps in tropical China","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.11.049","article-title":"Ecosystem carbon exchange over a warm-temperate mixed plantation in the lithoid hilly area of the North China","volume":"49","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.02.042","article-title":"Ecosystem water use efficiency in a warm-temperate mixed plantation in the North China","volume":"512","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.01.007","article-title":"Response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to drought events in a poplar plantation in Northern China","volume":"300","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.08.006","article-title":"Partitioning oak woodland evapotranspiration in the rocky mountainous area of North China was disturbed by foreign vapor, as estimated based on non-steady-state 18O isotopic composition","volume":"184","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.08.026","article-title":"Ecosystem carbon (CO2 and CH4) fluxes of a Populus dettoides plantation in subtropical China during and post clear-cutting","volume":"357","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.02.016","article-title":"Modeling stand water use response to soil water availability and groundwater level for a mature Populus tomentosa plantation located on the North China Plain","volume":"391","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.05.004","article-title":"Ecosystem water use efficiency in a young plantation in Northern China and its relationship to drought","volume":"275","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.02.005","article-title":"Soil moisture effect on the temperature dependence of ecosystem respiration in a subtropical Pinus plantation of southeastern China","volume":"137","author":"Wen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.07.019","article-title":"Upscaling tower-observed turbulent exchange at fine spatio-temporal resolution using environmental response functions","volume":"232","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.03.027","article-title":"Photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination and effects on daytime nee partitioning in a subtropical mixed conifer plantation","volume":"272\u2013273","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0120-0","article-title":"Freezing-induced loss of carbon uptake in a subtropical coniferous plantation in southern China","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"307","article-title":"Carbon dynamics and stability between native Masson pine and exotic slash pine plantations in subtropical China","volume":"133","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forstwiss. Cent."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Dai, X.Q., Wang, H.M., Xu, M.J., Yang, F.T., Wen, X.F., Chen, Z., Zhang, L.M., Sun, X.M., and Yu, G.R. (2020). An Observation Dataset of Carbon and Water Fluxes of Artificial Coniferous Forests in Qianyanzhou (2003\u20132010), Science Data Bank."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Luo, Y., Chen, Z., Su, W., He, H., Zhu, Z., Sun, X., Wang, Y., Zhou, G., and Zhao, X. (2018). Carbon and Water Fluxes Observed by the Chinese Flux Observation and Research Network (2003\u20132005), Science Data Bank.","DOI":"10.11922\/csdata.2018.0028.zh"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D. (2012). Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis Series, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2351-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164332","article-title":"Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes","volume":"26","author":"Schotanus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018966204465","article-title":"Sonic Anemometer Tilt Correction Algorithms","volume":"99","author":"Wilczak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710644707","article-title":"Correction of the flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapor transfer","volume":"106","author":"Webb","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122754","article-title":"Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2307\/1939390","article-title":"Carbon dioxideexchange between an undisturbed old-growth temperate forest and the atmosphere","volume":"75","author":"Hollinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D. (2012). Corrections and data quality. Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2351-1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x","article-title":"On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: Review and improved algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Reichstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00609.x","article-title":"A new assessment of European forests carbon exchanges by eddy fluxes and artificial neural network spatialization","volume":"9","author":"Papale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/514434c","article-title":"Open access to Earth land-cover map","volume":"514","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-3695-2015","article-title":"A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP)","volume":"8","author":"Kljun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-006-8024-9","article-title":"A preliminary study for spatial representiveness of flux observation at ChinaFLUX sites","volume":"49","author":"Mi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-1667-2011","article-title":"Underestimated effects of low temperature during early growing season on carbon sequestration of a subtropical coniferous plantation","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-014-4090-7","article-title":"Flux footprint climatology estimated by three analytical models over a subtropical coniferous plantation in Southeast China","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Chen, J., Davis, K.J., and Reichstein, M. (2012). Advances in upscaling of eddy covariance measurements of carbon and water fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JG001889"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.029","article-title":"Estimating landscape net ecosystem exchange at high spatial-temporal resolution based on landsat data, an improved upscaling model framework, and eddy covariance flux measurements","volume":"141","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10007","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-10007-2018","article-title":"Upscaling surface energy fluxes over the North Slope of Alaska using airborne eddy-covariance measurements and environmental response functions","volume":"18","author":"Serafimovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4d32","article-title":"Understanding spatial variability of methane fluxes in Arctic wetlands through footprint modelling","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junttila, S., Kelly, J., Kljun, N., Aurela, M., Klemedtsson, L., Lohila, A., Nilsson, M., Rinne, J., Tuittila, E.-S., and Vestin, P. (2021). Upscaling Northern Peatland CO2 Fluxes Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040818"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-016-1809-7","article-title":"An analysis on the influence of spatial scales on sensible heat fluxes in the north Tibetan Plateau based on Eddy covariance and large aperture scintillometer data","volume":"129","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioclimatol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.07.010","article-title":"Drivers of spatio-temporal variability of carbon dioxide and energy fluxes in a Mediterranean savanna ecosystem","volume":"262","author":"Reichstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab7391","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity in CO2, CH4, and energy fluxes: Insights from airborne eddy covariance measurements over the Mid-Atlantic region","volume":"15","author":"Hannun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.10.021","article-title":"Spatial representativeness of tall tower eddy covariance measurements using remote sensing and footprint analysis","volume":"149","author":"Barcza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"The full annual carbon balance of a subtropical coniferous plantation is highly sensitive to autumn precipitation","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6777","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028422","article-title":"Intercomparison of Six Upscaling Evapotranspiration Methods: From Site to the Satellite Pixel","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-4651-2014","article-title":"Evaluation of a plot-scale methane emission model using eddy covariance observations and footprint modelling","volume":"11","author":"Budishchev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G04007","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JG002065","article-title":"Upscaling of CO2fluxes from heterogeneous tundra plant communities in Arctic Alaska","volume":"117","author":"Kade","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01908.x","article-title":"Remote sensing of sun-induced fluorescence to improve modeling of diurnal courses of gross primary production (GPP)","volume":"16","author":"Damm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.031","article-title":"Impact of varying irradiance on vegetation indices and chlorophyll fluorescence derived from spectroscopy data","volume":"156","author":"Damm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11640","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900278116","article-title":"Mechanistic evidence for tracking the seasonality of photosynthesis with solar-induced fluorescence","volume":"116","author":"Magney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063201","article-title":"Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence that correlates with canopy photosynthesis on diurnal and seasonal scales in a temperate deciduous forest","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2803-2013","article-title":"Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate-spectral-resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: Methodology, simulations, and application to GOME-2","volume":"6","author":"Joiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.05.018","article-title":"Global retrieval of marine and terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence at its red peak using hyperspectral top of atmosphere radiance measurements: Feasibility study and first results","volume":"166","author":"Wolanin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"G00J06","article-title":"Upscaling carbon fluxes from towers to the regional scale: Influence of parameter variability and land cover representation on regional flux estimates","volume":"116","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/5022\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:48:33Z","timestamp":1760143713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/19\/5022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14195022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14195022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]}}}