{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:15:19Z","timestamp":1773209719096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["2020-31-HH.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-31-HH.0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of electrical currents in the topside ionosphere is of great importance, as it may allow a better understanding of the processes involved in the Sun\u2013Earth interaction and magnetosphere\u2013ionosphere\u2013thermosphere coupling, two crucial aspects debated by the Space Weather scientific community. In this context, investigating the electrical conductivity parallel to the geomagnetic field in the topside ionosphere is of primary importance because: (1) it provides information on the capability of the ionosphere to conduct currents; (2) it relates current density and electric field through Ohm\u2019s law; (3) it can help to quantify the dissipation of currents; (4) it is generally modeled and not locally measured by in situ missions. In this work, we used in situ measurements of electron density and temperature recorded between 2019 and 2021 by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01) flying with an orbital inclination of 97.4\u00b0 and at an altitude of about 500 km to compute the parallel electrical conductivity in the topside ionosphere at low and middle latitudes at the two fixed local times (LT) characterizing the CSES-01 mission: around 02 and 14 LT. The results, which are discussed in light of previous literature, highlight the dependence of conductivity on latitude and longitude and are compared with those obtained using values both measured by the Swarm B satellite (flying at a similar altitude) and modeled by the International Reference Ionosphere in the same time period. In particular, we found a diurnal variation in parallel electrical conductivity, with a slight hemispheric asymmetry. Daytime features are compatible with Sq and equatorial electrojet current systems, containing \u201canomalous\u201d low values of conductivity in correspondence with the South Atlantic region that could be physical in nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T02:10:27Z","timestamp":1665540627000},"page":"5079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parallel Electrical Conductivity at Low and Middle Latitudes in the Topside Ionosphere Derived from CSES-01 Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Giannattasio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9459-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Pignalberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2708-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"De Michelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4070-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igino","family":"Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Pezzopane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1836-4078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Tozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3403-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Consolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(97)01096-X","article-title":"The effects of geomagnetic disturbances on electrical systems at the Earth\u2019s surface","volume":"22","author":"Boteler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. 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