{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:28:01Z","timestamp":1771554481867,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Analysis of Precipitation Processes in the Eastern Ebro Subbasin","award":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"]}]},{"name":"Analysis of Precipitation Processes in the Eastern Ebro Subbasin","award":["PID2021-124253OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124253OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona","award":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098693-B-C32"]}]},{"name":"Water Research Institute (IdRA) of the University of Barcelona","award":["PID2021-124253OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124253OB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPEs) from the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) provide crucial information about the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation in semiarid regions with complex orography, such as Catalonia (NE Spain). The network of automatic weather stations of the Meteorological Service of Catalonia is used to assess the performance of three IMERG products (Early, Late and Final) at different time scales, ranging from yearly to sub-daily periods. The analysis at a half-hourly scale also considered three different orographic features (valley, flat and ridgetop), diverse climatic conditions (BSk, Csa, Cf and Df) and five categories related to rainfall intensity (light, moderate, intense, very intense and torrential). While IMERG_E and IMERG_L overestimate precipitation, IMERG_F reduces the error at all temporal scales. However, the calibration to which a Final run is subjected causes underestimation regardless in some areas, such as the Pyrenees mountains. The proportion of false alarms is a problem for IMERG, especially during the summer, mainly associated with the detection of false precipitation in the form of light rainfall. At sub-daily scales, IMERG showed high bias and very low correlation values, indicating the remaining challenge for satellite sensors to estimate precipitation at high temporal resolution. This behaviour was more evident in flat areas and cold semi-arid climates, wherein overestimates of more than 30% were found. In contrast, rainfall classified as very heavy and torrential showed significant underestimates, higher than 80%, reflecting the inability of IMERG to detect extreme sub-daily precipitation events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14205085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T05:31:18Z","timestamp":1665552678000},"page":"5085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Performance Assessment of GPM IMERG Products at Different Time Resolutions, Climatic Areas and Topographic Conditions in Catalonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Pein\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Water Research Institute, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8024-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Udina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics\u2014Meteorology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Collins, M., Knutti, R., Arblaster, J., Dufresne, J.-L., Fichefet, T., Friedlingstein, P., Gao, X., Gutowski, W.J., Johns, T., and Krinner, G. (2013). Long-Term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility. Climate Change 2013-The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-018-1290-1","article-title":"The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming","volume":"18","author":"Lionello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, July 14). AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis\u2014IPCC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar5\/wg1\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00086.1","article-title":"Mountains and Climate Change: A Global Concern","volume":"30","author":"Kohler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM474.1","article-title":"Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Estimation in Complex Terrain","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<0845:TSOSPW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Sensitivity of Single Polarization Weather Radar Beam Blockage Correction to Variability in the Vertical Refractivity Gradient","volume":"20","author":"Bech","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casellas, E., Bech, J., Veciana, R., Pineda, N., Rigo, T., Mir\u00f3, J.R., and Sairouni, A. (2021). Surface precipitation phase discrimination in complex terrain. J. Hydrol., 592.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125780"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(2003)018<1037:SAOOOS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Status and Outlook of Operational Satellite Precipitation Algorithms for Extreme-Precipitation Events","volume":"18","author":"Scofield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Braithwaite, D., Hsu, K., Joyce, R., Xie, P., and Yoo, S.-H. (2015). NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG). Algorithm Theor. Basis Doc. ATBD Version, 4."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The global precipitation measurement mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, R.K., Markonis, Y., Godoy, M.R.V., Villalba-Pradas, A., Andreadis, K.M., Nikolopoulos, E.I., Papalexiou, S.M., Rahim, A., Tapiador, F.J., and Hanel, M. (2022). Review of GPM IMERG performance: A global perspective. Remote Sens. Environ., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112754"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, J.G., Althoff, D., Bazame, H.C., Neale, C.M.U., Duarte, S.N., Ruhoff, A.L., and Gon\u00e7alves, I.Z. (2021). Evaluating the Latest IMERG Products in a Subtropical Climate: The Case of Paran\u00e1 State, Brazil. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050906"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moazami, S., and Najafi, M. (2021). A comprehensive evaluation of GPM-IMERG V06 and MRMS with hourly ground-based precipitation observations across Canada. J. Hydrol., 594.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125929"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadhan, R., Yusnaini, H., Marzuki, M., Muharsyah, R., Suryanto, W., Sholihun, S., Vonnisa, M., Harmadi, H., Ningsih, A.P., and Battaglia, A. (2022). Evaluation of GPM IMERG Performance Using Gauge Data over Indonesian Maritime Continent at Different Time Scales. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14051172"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Retalis, A., Katsanos, D., Tymvios, F., and Michaelides, S. (2020). Comparison of GPM IMERG and TRMM 3B43 Products over Cyprus. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193212"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.02.020","article-title":"Multi time-scale evaluation of high-resolution satellite-based precipitation products over northeast of Austria","volume":"206","author":"Sharifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Hanati, G., Danierhan, S., Liu, Q., and Xu, Z. (2020). Evaluation and Comparison of Daily GPM\/TRMM Precipitation Products over the Tianshan Mountains in China. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113088"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Guo, B., Xing, W., Zhou, J., Xu, F., and Xu, Y. (2020). Comprehensive evaluation of latest GPM era IMERG and GSMaP precipitation products over mainland China. Atmos. Res., 246.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105132"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, H., Li, H., Zhao, H., Ao, T., and Li, X. (2021). Comprehensive evaluation of satellite and reanalysis precipitation products over the eastern Tibetan plateau characterized by a high diversity of topographies. Atmos. Res., 259.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105661"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, M.T., Mohammed, S.A., Hamouda, M.A., and Mohamed, M.M. (2021). Impact of Topography and Rainfall Intensity on the Accuracy of IMERG Precipitation Estimates in an Arid Region. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010013"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayor, Y.G., Tereshchenko, I., Fonseca-Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Pantoja, D.A., and Montes, J.M. (2017). Evaluation of Error in IMERG Precipitation Estimates under Different Topographic Conditions and Temporal Scales over Mexico. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050503"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, Y., Minder, J.R., Campbell, L.S., Massmann, A., and Garreaud, R. (2021). Assessment of GPM IMERG satellite precipitation estimation and its dependence on microphysical rain regimes over the mountains of south-central Chile. Atmos. Res., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105454"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi, E., Steinacker, R., and Saghafian, B. (2016). Assessment of GPM-IMERG and Other Precipitation Products against Gauge Data under Different Topographic and Climatic Conditions in Iran: Preliminary Results. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020135"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Yang, K., Li, X., Niu, X., Hu, X., and Khadka, N. (2020). Evaluation of GPM-Era Satellite Precipitation Products on the Southern Slopes of the Central Himalayas Against Rain Gauge Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111836"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjum, M.N., Ahmad, I., Ding, Y., Shangguan, D., Zaman, M., Ijaz, M.W., Sarwar, K., Han, H., and Yang, M. (2019). Assessment of IMERG-V06 Precipitation Product over Different Hydro-Climatic Regimes in the Tianshan Mountains, North-Western China. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192314"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Chen, Q., Duan, Z., Zhang, J., Mo, K., Li, Z., and Tang, G. (2018). Multiscale Comparative Evaluation of the GPM IMERG v5 and TRMM 3B42 v7 Precipitation Products from 2015 to 2017 over a Climate Transition Area of China. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060944"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.12.011","article-title":"Similarities and improvements of GPM IMERG upon TRMM 3B42 precipitation product under complex topographic and climatic conditions over Hexi region, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"218","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.03.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the TRMM 3B42 and GPM IMERG products for extreme precipitation analysis over China","volume":"223","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini-Moghari, S., and Tang, Q. (2022). Can IMERG Data Capture the Scaling of Precipitation Extremes With Temperature at Different Time Scales?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL096392"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-6559-2017","article-title":"Evaluation of GPM IMERG Early, Late, and Final rainfall estimates using WegenerNet gauge data in southeastern Austria","volume":"21","author":"Sungmin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Liu, J., Wang, J., Qiao, X., and Zhang, J. (2019). Evaluation of GPM IMERG V05B and TRMM 3B42V7 Precipitation Products over High Mountainous Tributaries in Lhasa with Dense Rain Gauges. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182080"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Liu, G., Chen, T., Chen, Y., and Xia, C. (2020). Evaluation of GPM IMERG precipitation products with the point rain gauge records over Sichuan, China. Atmos. Res., 246.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105101"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Yang, M., Ma, M., Tang, G., Wang, T., Zhao, X., Ma, S., Wu, J., and Wang, W. (2022). Can GPM IMERG Capture Extreme Precipitation in North China Plain?. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040928"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazamias, A.-P., Sapountzis, M., and Lagouvardos, K. (2022). Evaluation of GPM-IMERG rainfall estimates at multiple temporal and spatial scales over Greece. Atmos. Res., 269.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.106014"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.06.010","article-title":"Performances of GPM satellite precipitation over the two major Mediterranean islands","volume":"213","author":"Caracciolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.02.019","article-title":"Assessment of GPM and SM2RAIN-ASCAT rainfall products over complex terrain in southern Italy","volume":"206","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-19-0116.1","article-title":"The Contribution of Rain Gauges in the Calibration of the IMERG Product: Results from the First Validation over Spain","volume":"21","author":"Tapiador","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, A., Garc\u00eda-Ortega, E., Merino, A., S\u00e1nchez, J.L., and Tapiador, F.J. (2020). Orographic biases in IMERG precipitation estimates in the Ebro River basin (Spain): The effects of rain gauge density and altitude. Atmos. Res., 244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105068"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapiador, F., Villalba-Pradas, A., Navarro, A., Mart\u00edn, R., Merino, A., Garc\u00eda-Ortega, E., S\u00e1nchez, J., Kim, K., and Lee, G. (2021). A Satellite View of an Intense Snowfall in Madrid (Spain): The Storm \u2018Filomena\u2019 in January 2021. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142702"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.01.021","article-title":"Uncertainty of precipitation estimates in convective events by the Meteorological Service of Catalonia radar network","volume":"93","author":"Trapero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01091842","article-title":"The use of rogation ceremony records in climatic reconstruction: A case study from Catalonia (Spain)","volume":"30","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-2969-2013","article-title":"Mesoscale numerical analysis of the historical November 1982 heavy precipitation event over Andorra (Eastern Pyrenees)","volume":"13","author":"Trapero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.697","article-title":"Patterns of monthly rainfall shortage and excess in terms of the standardized precipitation index for Catalonia (NE Spain)","volume":"21","author":"Lana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casellas, E., Bech, J., Veciana, R., Mir\u00f3, J.R., Sairouni, A., and Pineda, N. (2020). A meteorological analysis interpolation scheme for high spatial-temporal resolution in complex terrain. Atmos. Res., 246.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105103"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040","article-title":"Trends in flash flood events versus convective precipitation in the Mediterranean region: The case of Catalonia","volume":"541","author":"Llasat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199712)17:15<1683::AID-JOC220>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Total Rainfall and Convective Rainfall in Catalonia, Spain","volume":"17","author":"Llasat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"343","article-title":"Integrated multi-satellite retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG)","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Levizzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Satellite Precipitation Measurement"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2022, July 22). GES DISC, Available online: https:\/\/disc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Servei Meteorol\u00f2gic de Catalunya (2022, July 22). Dades Obertes. Available online: https:\/\/www.meteo.cat\/wpweb\/serveis\/cataleg-de-serveis\/serveis-oberts\/dades-obertes\/."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2715","article-title":"Quality control process of the daily rainfall series available in Catalonia from 1855 to the present","volume":"137","author":"Rius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioclimatol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"389","article-title":"Influence of regional and seasonal rainfall patterns on the ratio between fixed and unrestricted measured intervals of rainfall amounts","volume":"140","author":"Rius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioclimatol. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"WMO (1994). Guide to Hydrological Practices: Data Aquisition and Processing, Analysis, Forecasting and Other Applications, WMO."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Connector QGIS Open ICGC (2022, September 30). Institut Cartogr\u00e0fic i Geol\u00f2gic de Catalunya. Available online: http:\/\/www.icgc.cat\/es\/Aplicaciones\/Herramientas\/Connector-QGIS-Open-ICGC."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.12.015","article-title":"Application of the topographic position index to heterogeneous landscapes","volume":"186","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Jenness, J., Brost, B., and Beier, P. (2022, April 10). Land Facet Corridor Designer. Rocky Mountain Research Station|RMRS\u2014US Forest Service. Available online: http:\/\/corridordesign.org\/dl\/tools\/CorridorDesigner_EvaluationTools.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Majka, D., Beier, P., and Jenness, J. (2022, April 14). CorridorDesigner ArcGIS Toolbox Tutorial. Environmental. Research, Development and. Education for the New Economy. (ERDENE) Initiative from. Northern Arizona University. Available online: http:\/\/corridordesign.org\/downloads."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, July 22). Clima. Available online: http:\/\/atlasnacional.ign.es\/wane\/Clima."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2022, April 28). Resampling. Available online: https:\/\/docs.qgis.org\/2.6\/en\/docs\/user_manual\/processing_algs\/saga\/grid_tools\/resampling.html."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2022, April 28). AEMET-Agencia Estatal de Meteorolog\u00eda Intensidad de Precipitaci\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/meteoglosario.aemet.es\/es\/termino\/427_intensidad-de-precipitacion."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2022, July 22). Functions\u2014Pingouin 0.5.2 Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/pingouin-stats.org\/api.html."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0088(199804)18:5<541::AID-JOC270>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"A 30-Year (1964\u20131993) Daily Rainfall Data Base for the Spanish Mediterranean Regions: First Exploratory Study","volume":"18","author":"Romero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5144","article-title":"Extreme point rainfall temporal scaling: A long term (1805-2014) regional and seasonal analysis in Spain","volume":"37","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.600","article-title":"Precipitation seasonality in eastern and southern coastal Spain","volume":"21","author":"Sumner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I.T., and Stephenson, D.B. (2012). Forecast Verification: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide in Atmospheric Science, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119960003"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-19-0114.1","article-title":"IMERG V06: Changes to the Morphing Algorithm","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shawky, M., Moussa, A., Hassan, Q.K., and El-Sheimy, N. (2019). Performance Assessment of Sub-Daily and Daily Precipitation Estimates Derived from GPM and GSMaP Products over an Arid Environment. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232840"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014566","article-title":"What Does CloudSat Reveal about Global Land Precipitation Detection by Other Spaceborne Sensors?","volume":"50","author":"Behrangi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2130","article-title":"Evaluation of several rainfall products used for hydrological applications over West Africa using two high-resolution gauge networks","volume":"139","author":"Gosset","year":"2013","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzoglio, P., Laio, F., Balbo, S., Boccardo, P., and Disabato, F. (2019). Improving an Extreme Rainfall Detection System with GPM IMERG data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060677"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Hu, D., Liu, M., Wang, S., and Di, Y. (2020). Spatio-temporal accuracy evaluation of three high-resolution satellite precipitation products in China area. Atmos. Res., 241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.104952"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, A., Garc\u00eda-Ortega, E., Merino, A., S\u00e1nchez, J.L., Kummerow, C., and Tapiador, F.J. (2019). Assessment of IMERG Precipitation Estimates over Europe. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212470"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Ding, Y., Zhao, C., and Wang, J. (2018). Validation of TRMM 3B42V7 Rainfall Product under Complex Topographic and Climatic Conditions over Hexi Region in the Northwest Arid Region of China. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10081006"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2009.08.017","article-title":"Precipitation: Measurement, Remote Sensing, Climatology and Modeling","volume":"94","author":"Michaelides","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-19-0123.1","article-title":"Can the GPM IMERG Final Product Accurately Represent MCSs\u2019 Precipitation Characteristics over the Central and Eastern United States?","volume":"21","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Ma, Z., Tang, G., Ji, Q., Min, X., Wan, W., and Shi, Z. (2019). Quantitative Evaluations and Error Source Analysis of Fengyun-2-Based and GPM-Based Precipitation Products over Mainland China in Summer, 2018. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242992"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-16-0087.1","article-title":"First-Year Evaluation of GPM Rainfall over the Netherlands: IMERG Day 1 Final Run (V03D)","volume":"17","author":"Gaona","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, H.E., Zimmermann, N.E., McVicar, T.R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., and Wood, E.F. (2018). Present and future K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci. Data, 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n General del Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional (2015). Atlas Nacional de Espa\u00f1a del siglo XXI."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5085\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:50:21Z","timestamp":1760143821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/20\/5085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14205085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14205085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]}}}